India :: essays research papers

For more than 200 years before the Indian Mutiny of 1857, there had been a British presence in India. They began as merchant ventures and their holdings on the land were relatively small. Over the years they had expanded, creating forts for protection and larger trading stations. Eventually, to make certain that there would be stability and a successful good deal business, Britain deployed many of its armed forces there and also raised forces of conclusionemics, thus becoming an active power in 18th Century India. Sometimes by their figure but also sometimes by accident, the area of British control began to increase. Their expansion lasted until nearly the total sub-continent was apart or effected by the empire by the year 1857. The relationship of the British with their Indian subject gradually began to get worse as time passed. Many held the invention of the steamships responsible for the tightness between the two peoples. By allowing the British officers a greatly reduced travel time from their side wives and their workplace, created less time with their Indian mistresses. Another rattling important aspect was the arrival of missionaries from protestant England. The missionaries cast their teachings upon the very conservative Indians, who preferred their own usance and institutions to other people. Indians especially preferred their own religions and evangelical Christians had little respect, or understanding of, these ancient practices and beliefs. The spark that started it happened in May of 1857 with a mutiny of Indian troops at Meerut, or a social function of religious principle. The new rifles, which had been issued by the British army, contained a cartridge that required the soldier to bite of the end in order to load the weapon. To make this surgical operation easier, the cartridges were greased with the animal fat of a cow or pig. The rumor quickly spread end-to-end the Indian regiment that this process was being used, and harmonize to ancient Hindu and Muslim religion, this practice is unclean and according to Lord Roberts, the affair betrayed and incredible geld of the natives religious prejudices.(Porter, 40) The mutineers took Delhi first with the help of more native regiments, and from there, the rebellion spread quickly but unevenly. Throughout the many battles at Delhi, Cawnpore, and Lucknow, the natives were never able to alone seize all of India. Britain did manage to survive the cardinal month long battle, but with severe losses.India essays research papers For more than 200 years before the Indian Mutiny of 1857, there had been a British presence in India. They began as merchant ventures and their holdings on the land were relatively small. Over the years they had expanded, creating forts for protection and larger trading stations. Eventually, to make certain that there would be stability and a successful trade business, Britain deployed many of its armed forces there and also raised forces of nat ives, thus becoming an active power in 18th Century India. Sometimes by their design but also sometimes by accident, the area of British control began to increase. Their expansion lasted until nearly the entire sub-continent was apart or effected by the empire by the year 1857. The relationship of the British with their Indian subject gradually began to get worse as time passed. Many held the invention of the steamships responsible for the tension between the two peoples. By allowing the British officers a greatly reduced travel time from their English wives and their workplace, created less time with their Indian mistresses. Another very important aspect was the arrival of missionaries from protestant England. The missionaries cast their teachings upon the very conservative Indians, who preferred their own customs and institutions to other people. Indians especially preferred their own religions and Evangelical Christians had little respect, or understanding of, these ancient pract ices and beliefs. The spark that started it happened in May of 1857 with a mutiny of Indian troops at Meerut, or a matter of religious principle. The new rifles, which had been issued by the British army, contained a cartridge that required the soldier to bite of the end in order to load the weapon. To make this process easier, the cartridges were greased with the animal fat of a cow or pig. The rumor quickly spread throughout the Indian regiment that this process was being used, and according to ancient Hindu and Muslim religion, this practice is unclean and according to Lord Roberts, the affair betrayed and incredible disregard of the natives religious prejudices.(Porter, 40) The mutineers took Delhi first with the help of more native regiments, and from there, the rebellion spread quickly but unevenly. Throughout the many battles at Delhi, Cawnpore, and Lucknow, the natives were never able to completely seize all of India. Britain did manage to survive the fourteen month long bat tle, but with severe losses.

Mozart In 1788 :: essays research papers

With over two pages of compositions finished in 1788 you would figure that this year was an extremely busy and prosperous genius for Mozart, when in fact his "situation both publicly and privately became critical" (unknown).Up until this year the information revealed in Mozarts personal letters has provided great perspicacity about his private life. A peculiar thing about letters from this year is that there appears to be n peerless written after August (Keys 210). ace possible reason for this could be that Mozart was again living at home and thus he was living with the person that he would normally be written material to. Of these letters only one of them is written to Nanarel the rest are to a dear friend of Mozarts, Micheal Puchberg. Interestingly enough Mozart begins all of his letters to Micheal delicately and dear with "brother", "Brother of Order", or "beloved friend" which we know from the past is Mozarts way of getting on somebodys good side before enquire for something. After the greeting, the body of all of these letters appears to follow a basic format starting out with a high feeling of dignity or self-confidence, and ending with pleas for financial backing or help. The letters, amounting to twenty between 1788 and Mozarts goal (Keys 206), only afforded Mozart an estimated 1415 florins. This toilet be compared to the near 3000 gulden that he had borrowed from many throng by his death in 1791. Mozart met Micheal back in his freemason days they worked together for the same company. Micheal became very wealthy when he inherited the textile manufacturing disdain that he was working for. Mozarts near constant pleas for money were sometimes granted, but not all of the time. Unfortunately, Mozart never made enough money before his death to be able to fully pay Micheal back for all of his help. However, as a small form of compensation, Mozart would occasionally send Micheal compositions and even dedicated one of h is piano symphonies to him. Micheal was such a good friend of the family, that it has been said that he continued to help Costanze out with family and financial problems after Mozarts death. Eventually, it becomes rather obvious that Mozart can barely support his family, let alone pay back anyone who lends him money. Because of this, he loses nearly all of the financial credibility that he once had.

Comparison Of 1984 And Animal Farm :: compare contrast

Comparison of 1984 and Animal FarmIn George Orwells 1984 and Animal Farm, humanity is defined by whatthe leaders tell the commoners it is, and the idea of individuality and freethought are abolished in order to preserve that reality. 1984 demonstrated theconcept of a perceived reality versus a true reality, and Animal Farm revealedthat reality is in the beholder.The Outer caller members in 1984 were oblivious to the true reality oftheir lives and blindly accepted some(prenominal) was told to them. An excellentexample of the Outer fellowships ignorance to truth is when they are told that theirchocolate rations have been increased, when actually the rations were justreduced a week earlier. Because of the Partys successful assault on theindividuality of its members, people became cheerful when they heard of the news.This perceived reality is the truth to the Party members.The true reality in 1984 is shown only to the reader and some versedParty members. OBrien knows the real truth of things as shown by his torturingof Winston. He tells Winston that if the Party tells the people that 2+2=5,then it does. He also instructs Winston that if the Party informs its membersthat 2+2=3 or 4 or all at the same time, then it is so. Although this truereality is avail commensurate to Inner Party members, they too do not have the freedom ofthought or individuality... they are only just aware of its existence. Only theoutside reader is able to think and understand the true nature of the realityestablished by the Party.In Animal Farm, Orwell unveiled that reality is a simple mental introducethat can be easily manipulated. Napoleon and the pigs proved this theory byrepeatedly changing the Seven Commandments and reporting to the other animalsthat the laws had always been in their changed chink when they werequestioned. Napoleon uses the terror wielded by the dogs to rule the farm with

Affirmative Action Essay -- Race Racism

As a Christian, I believe in trying my hardest to realise with those in suffering and oppression to the ruff of my all to human ability. If I am h angiotensin converting enzymest with myself and God, more often than not I fail. My experiences in account 313 Black American History, have leave an indelible impact on me. One of the ongoing themes in our readings, lectures, videos and discussions has concerned Christianity and the Black American experience. Thus, I fancy it fitting to write this paper feel at affirmative action through a Christian perspective. Looking at affirmative actions original intent and ultimate goals from a Christian perspective is extremely fruitful because it allows honest discussion to take place without fear of partisan persuade or special privilege for one race over another(prenominal), which in turn makes it easier to talk about practical solutions. Before I tell anything else, I would like to say three in truth important things. First, I am not African-American. Second, I believe all people argon people. And third, I in no way, shape or attain represent all Christian views on this topic. Speaking for all Christianity is beyond my ability no matter what the topic. My experiences are just like anyone elses in that they are unique, however limited. Thus, I can only speak of being Christian personally in America. And eventide then, I cannot speak for all of American Christianity because I only know what it feels like to be an American Christian with German, Norwegian and Swedish blood runnel through my veins. However, if I employ empathy and benignity I can have at least some idea of the suffering that exists when it occurs to someone besides myself, oddly since my own spiritual journey has been anything but smooth. And though ... ...re much to big to be fixed by a short essay. As mentioned before I am not African-American. Thus, I do not consider my thoughts authoritative on this subject. Still, I belie ve that people, regardless of the color of our skin, our willing to do as Jesus did and forgive one another for past transgressions and replace hostility with love for the sake of a brighter future. James Baldwin urged his readers to, Cease fleeing from reality and begin to deepen it. In that spirit I rigorous with a quote from a speech given by Robert F. Kennedy on the night that Martin Luther King Jr. was tragically and unnecessarily shot and killed. Let us dedicate ourselves to what the Greeks wrote so many years ago to tame the savageness of man and make gentle the conduct of this world. Let us dedicate ourselves to that, and say a prayer for our country and for our people. Affirmative Action Essay -- Race RacismAs a Christian, I believe in trying my hardest to empathize with those in suffering and oppression to the best of my all to human ability. If I am honest with myself and God, more often than not I fail. My experiences in History 313 Black American History, have left an indelible impact on me. One of the ongoing themes in our readings, lectures, videos and discussions has concerned Christianity and the Black American experience. Thus, I thought it fitting to write this paper looking at affirmative action through a Christian perspective. Looking at affirmative actions original intent and ultimate goals from a Christian perspective is extremely fruitful because it allows honest discussion to take place without fear of partisan bias or special privilege for one race over another, which in turn makes it easier to talk about practical solutions. Before I say anything else, I would like to say three very important things. First, I am not African-American. Second, I believe all people are people. And third, I in no way, shape or form represent all Christian views on this topic. Speaking for all Christianity is beyond my ability no matter what the topic. My experiences are just like anyone elses in that they are un ique, but limited. Thus, I can only speak of being Christian personally in America. And even then, I cannot speak for all of American Christianity because I only know what it feels like to be an American Christian with German, Norwegian and Swedish blood running through my veins. However, if I employ empathy and compassion I can have at least some idea of the suffering that exists when it occurs to someone besides myself, especially since my own spiritual journey has been anything but smooth. And though ... ...re much to big to be fixed by a short essay. As mentioned before I am not African-American. Thus, I do not consider my thoughts authoritative on this subject. Still, I believe that people, regardless of the color of our skin, our willing to do as Jesus did and forgive one another for past transgressions and replace hostility with love for the sake of a brighter future. James Baldwin urged his readers to, Cease fleeing from reality and begin to change it. In that spir it I close with a quote from a speech given by Robert F. Kennedy on the night that Martin Luther King Jr. was tragically and unnecessarily shot and killed. Let us dedicate ourselves to what the Greeks wrote so many years ago to tame the savageness of man and make gentle the life of this world. Let us dedicate ourselves to that, and say a prayer for our country and for our people.

Education Essay -- essays research papers

If the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children, who represent ninety percent of our realm society in which these colored children must live, then the colored childs curriculum is greatly being curtailed (1).In the fifties and sixties the civil rights elbow grease along with help of organization like the NAACP fought racial segregation, because pitch-darks were not equal to their white br early(a)s and sisters. African-Americans schools were usually undermined to white schools throughout America history. African-Americans were considered privileged if they received an teaching or could comprehend the reading and written language of society. Segregation of children in schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored child, who gains a sense of inferiority which ulterior affects the colored child ability to sustain knowledge (2). In 1954, the United States Supreme Court in the Brown vs. the Board of Education ruled that racial segre gation in public schools was unconstitutional which violated the fourteenth Amendment, which granted equal protection to all citizens regardless of race. This outcome had overturned the old specimen which was set in 1896 in the Plessey vs. Ferguson, which said separate but equal facilities were constitutional. The new ruling made it possible for a little third-grader named Linda Brown could seem a predominately white elementary that was just a mile away from her house, instead of walking about six miles to the rundown black elementary school. In 1955 following the United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, granted equal access and opportunity for education of minorities to be carried out ASAP. hardly it was not until the passing of the elegant Rights Act of 1964 that efforts final took effect to desegregate schools in the south. This act made it possible for black children in twenty-one other states could attend white public schools, if their school was not eq ual to there counterparts. In the years that followed the public school systems of many states where reluctantly to bus black students off to far distances, because they were trying to maintain racial proportion (OConnor 374). The color-lines of America will never change according to W.E.D Dubois we as Americans need not to freeze our past, because we have now installed a new school plan, called choice schools throughout t... ..., and religious societies. One of the primary purposes of schools is to organize students for the working world, and it makes no sense to prepare them with a faulty model. If the world at large is desegregated, the schools should not be segregated, either (Watson 4). The Civil Rights Project 5 November 2003. Home pagehttp//www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/choice/school_choice.phpwww.gsu.edu/mwwwsps/news/release/segergated_schools.htmOConnor, Karen and Sabato, Larry J. American Government Continuity and Change 2002 Edition, Addison Wesley Longm an, Inc.Peterson, Paul E. School Choice A Civil Rights Issue Home page. 5 November 2003.http//www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/we/2002/peterson_0602.htmlPublic School Choice Issues and Concerns for Urban Educators. ERIC/CUE Digest No. 63. 5 November 2003.http//www.ericfacility.net/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed322275.htmlRyan, Kelly. Home page. 5 November 2003.http//www.sptimes.com/News/101800/NorthPinellas/Pinellas_school_choic.shtml5 November 2003. Tampa Bay Kids.www.tampabaykidsnet.com/pinellasschoolchoice.htm5 November 2003. Civil Rights.http//www.watson.org/mlisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown

Education Essay -- essays research papers

If the colored children are denied the experience in check of associating with white children, who represent ninety percent of our nation society in which these colored children mustiness live, then the colored childs curriculum is greatly being curtailed (1).In the fifties and sixties the civil rights movement along with help of organization comparable the NAACP fought racial segregation, because blacks were not equal to their white brothers and sisters. African-Americans schools were usually undermined to white schools throughout America history. African-Americans were considered privileged if they received an education or could comprehend the reading and write language of society. Segregation of children in schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored child, who gains a sense of inferiority which later affects the colored child ability to save knowledge (2). In 1954, the United States Supreme salute in the Brown vs. the Board of Education ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional which violated the fourteenth Amendment, which granted equal protection to all citizens regardless of race. This outcome had overturned the old standard which was set in 1896 in the Plessey vs. Ferguson, which give tongue to separate but equal facilities were constitutional. The refreshed ruling made it possible for a little third-grader named Linda Brown could attend a predominately white elementary that was retributive a mile away from her house, instead of walking about six miles to the rundown black elementary school. In 1955 following the United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, granted equal access and opportunity for education of minorities to be carried out ASAP. But it was not until the passing of the Civil Rights coiffure of 1964 that efforts final took effect to desegregate schools in the south. This act made it possible for black children in twenty-one other states could attend white public schools, if their school was not equal to there counterparts. In the years that followed the public school systems of many states where reluctantly to bus black students off to far distances, because they were trying to discover racial proportion (OConnor 374). The color-lines of America will never change according to W.E.D Dubois we as Americans need not to forget our past, because we have now installed a new school plan, called choice schools throughout t... ..., and religious societies. One of the primary purposes of schools is to prepare students for the working world, and it makes no sense to prepare them with a faulty model. If the world at large is desegregated, the schools should not be segregated, either (Watson 4). The Civil Rights Project 5 November 2003. Home pagehttp//www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/choice/school_choice.phpwww.gsu.edu/mwwwsps/news/release/segergated_schools.htmOConnor, Karen and Sabato, Larry J. American Government Continuity and Change 2002 Edition, Addis on Wesley Longman, Inc.Peterson, Paul E. School Choice A Civil Rights Issue Home page. 5 November 2003.http//www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/we/2002/peterson_0602.htmlPublic School Choice Issues and Concerns for urban Educators. ERIC/CUE Digest No. 63. 5 November 2003.http//www.ericfacility.net/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed322275.htmlRyan, Kelly. Home page. 5 November 2003.http//www.sptimes.com/News/101800/NorthPinellas/Pinellas_school_choic.shtml5 November 2003. Tampa Bay Kids.www.tampabaykidsnet.com/pinellasschoolchoice.htm5 November 2003. Civil Rights.http//www.watson.org/mlisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown

Informative Speech COM 1301

COM 1301, Section 05 October, 9th 2012 Mars Search Laboratory (MSL) Life on earth is getting more and more difficult, earth is overpopulated and global warming is treating our existence on earth every day. Living on another planet is on the etymon that may pop out in our mind, this solution is what a space rover is trying to answer. In exactly one month and three eld ago, a high technology rover lander on Mars, for those who did not hear well-nigh it let me show you some pictures (showing pictures to the audience), the rover is about 1000kg and a railroad car size.Curiosity is special because it process information for itself and then sends the result back to earth. Two main objectives of Mars are1. Discover traces of past life.2. Analyze Mars habitability It is difficult not to get excited about NASAs Mars Curiosity rover, its the most ambitious exploration vehicle yet sent to Mars.The big accomplishment question for the Mars Exploration Rover is how past water activity on Mars has influenced the red planets environment over time.While there is no naiant water on the surface of Mars today, the record of past water activity on Mars can be found in the rocks, minerals, and geologic landforms, particularly in those that can only form in the presence of water. Thats why the rover is specially equipped with tools to study a diverse accumulation of rocks and soils that may hold clues to past water activity on Mars. Project scientist Grokzinger says Curiosity is not a life detection mission. We are not really looking for life, we dont have the ability to detect life if it was there. But let me show you something (shows picture of river ) this river is located in Spain, it reaches high temperatures about 40C and its very acidic, it has a Ph about 2, knowing that the Ph scale goes from 0 to 14 from the most acidic to the least(prenominal) acidic. Well, surprisingly this river holds life Scientists have recently taken a sample from this water and discover bacte ria in it This can be the absolute prove that life can emerge from extreme conditions.A part from discovering traces of past life, the other mission of Curiosity is to identify if Mars can be a encourage of life, Mars Science Laboratory is equipped with an instrument that measures the level of radiation. This will be critical to put a man on Mars and even up the type of protection. At last but not least, Scientists expect from Curiosity a major discovery, it involves analyzing rocks of the landing area, hoping to discover traces of past life and analyzing Mars habitability.To leave off let me show you the latest picture received from the rover (showing picture trace of robot step) as you may see, this is a trace of the robot on the sandy surface of Mars, this is a small trace of a robot, a giant leap of mankind, Thank you.

Inflation: Definitions Essay

Inflation A persistent increase in the price level, rounds how much more expensive a set of goods and services has become everywhere a certain period, usually a stratum. Consumers believe that low stable and predictable puffiness is best for economy, also high and too low ar not good. Measuring Inflation To measure the average consumers cost of living, government agencies conduct household surveys to identify a basket of commonly purchase items and then track the cost of purchasing this basket over time.Consumer Price Index (CPI) The cost of the basket when measuring ostentatiousness at a given time expressed relative to a base year. Consumer Price Inflation The percentage change in the CPI over a certain period, most widely used measure of inflation. Ex base year CPI is 100 and the current CPI is 110 inflation is 10 percent over the period. Core Consumer Inflation Excludes prices set by the government and the more volatile prices of products such as food and energy that ar m ost affected by seasonal factors or temporary supply conditions focuses on the underlying and persistent trends in inflation and is also watched closely by policymakers. Deflation A persistent decline in the price levelgross domestic product Deflator A measure comparing the prices of all goods and services produced in the economy during a given year to the prices of those goods and services purchased in a base year. Gross Domestic Product Deflator (GDP) The overall inflation rate for not just breathing in good but all goods produced in an economy, more broader coverage than the CPI. Inflation Rate The percentage increase in the price level from one year to the next. Inflation Targeting A policy used to maintain low and stable inflation used by many central bankers.Introduction of New Goods attach variety, allows consumers to find products that more closely meet their needs. In effect, dollars become more valuable, which lowers the cost of, maintain the same level of economic well- being. The CPI misses this effect because it uses a fixed basket of goods, thus the CPI overstates increases in the cost of living. Nominal GDP Values turnout victimization current prices. It is not corrected for inflation. GDP measured in terms of current market prices, value of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a givenyear, calculated using the prices current in the year in which the output is produced.Price Indices Are designed to remove the effect of price changes. Price Level A measure of the average prices of goods and services in the economy. Quantity Theory of Money The relationship between money supply and the size of the economy. Real GDP Values output using the prices of a base year. Real GDP is correct for inflation. GDP measured using constant base year prices. It is the total value of the final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year, calculated using the prices of a selected base year. Real Income A proxy for the stan dard of living, when real incomes are rising, so is the standard of living and vice versa.Real Interest Rate The nominal rate minus the inflation rate. Substitution Bias Over time some prices rise faster than others, consumers substitute towards goods that become relatively cheaper, the CPI misses the substitution because it uses a fixed basket of goods. Thus, the CPI overstate increase in the cost of living. Supply shocks Disrupt production, such as natural disasters or raise production costs such as high oil prices. rout out reduce overall supply and lead to cost push inflation in which the impetus for price increases comes from disruption in supply. Unmeasured Quality tilt Improvements in the quality of goods in the basket also increase the value of a dollar. The BLS tires to account for quality changes but probably misses some, as quality is severe to measure. Thus, the CPI overstates increases in the cost of living.

Enlightenment thinking Essay

The Declaration of Independence is the basis of our government here in the get together States. When the authors of this document were writing it they included many references to enlightenment theories. Of these many theories three within the document can be attri howevered to tail Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Hobbes.John Locke was a believer in the three natural rights of man, life, liberty, and property. In the Declaration of Independence Lockes idea can be found throughout but one example is, It is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government laying its foundation of such(prenominal) principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall(a) seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. This quote is exactly along the lines of Lockes thinking. He believed that a government is there to swear out and protect, and if the government does not do its duty, then the people have a right to overthrow a government an d start a new one.Rousseau believed that all men were free and ought to be, therefore any government must act according to the will of the people. The Declaration of Independence includes this too, A prince, whose character is thus label by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. This quote reflects Rousseaus ideas exactly. That man is in chains by the government a must be free.Finally, Thomas Hobbes was a believer in the social contract stating that to gain rights people had to afford up rights. One right which people were supposed to gain was protection by the government. This idea can be found within the Declaration of Independence, He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.The Declaration of Independence contains many different enlightenment ideas. These ideas had a great impact on the founding of the United States and still do today.

Questionnaires on perception of early marriage

Thank you very much for taking the time to fill surface this questionnaire. This questionnaire is designed to provide information on university student perception of former(a) marriage. The following questionnaire will require approximately 10 minutes to complete each(prenominal) the questions. Your honest and detailed responses will help me gain a clear picture of that perception. 1. How old are you? ) 16- 19 long time ) 20 23 years ) 24-27 years 2. Gender ) Male ) Female 3. Status ) Single ) Marriage ) Divorce 4. Do you have any relative that married early?Yes ( ) No 5. Do you agree with early marriage? 6. Between male and female which gender prone to early marriage. ( ) Male ) Both 7. Which of the following that you think the principal(prenominal) reasons that lead to early marriage? Please tick all apply. ( ) Poverty ( ) Family support ( ) To avoid social problem ( ) First Love ( ) Future credential 8. Which of the following most serious social problem in Malaysia. Please ra nk and tick at above. Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral apply Strongly Agree Baby dumping Illegimate childRape cases Wild sex Illegimate marriage 9. Does early marriage solve the sosial problem? ( ) Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( ) I do not know 10. Do you think early marriage will disturb your studies/ carrier? ( ) Yes ( ) No 1 1 . Which of the following the benefit of early marriage. Please rank and tick at above. Emotional support Financial Support More independence Having a proper partner Satisfy self sexual 12. Early marriage also give negative effect. Which is the most common Please rank and tick at above.

Learning Team Deliverables Essay

Organizational culture consists of different traditional ways, values, and certain beliefs when lay out the rules for making a decision, originator, and formation of a company. The organizational culture foc single-valued functions more on pass alongership values. Culture determines the way we as people turn business and also for ones own success. By having a structured organizational culture, it allows the employees to feel that if they do what is right, they get out be rewarded for their actions. The following paragraphs will discuss the impact of leadership and the mores of senior management and how they affect both the culture and the application of power. We as a group have chosen a law firm as the model company.Coercive PowerCoercive power is a form of manipulation handlingd on employees to set about close a sense of fear. Employees conform to coercive powers for fear of retaliation. Coercive power in the long run can lead to character flaws amongst employees. Law firms that use coercive powers are usually only concerned with short term goals. Coercion used long term can cause dissatisfied partners instruction execution to drop. Partners may eventually end up leaving the organization because they feel nothing good is going to happen for them. For instance, peer pressure at a law fusion could be a form of coercion to gain a unanimous decision regarding financial decisions. Long term affect could lead to the partnership being resolved due to one of the partners dissatisfaction in the ways things are going.Reward PowerLaw Partners who conform to the rules to receive positive benefits for their efforts love reward power. Law Partners enjoy reward power since it allows them to control negative repercussions by doing well. Partnerships use reward power to help encourage partners to perform lavishly and meet the firms goal. For example, bonuses given at the end of each year could motivate all partners to do well. Reward powers usually benefits all pa rties involved. legitimize PowerThe most common access to one or more of the power bases is ordered power. Legitimate power represents the formal authority to control and use organizational resources based on structural position in the organization. (Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, 2011) In a law firm, that structure is driven by the board of directors, so to the partners. Those that are lawyers are submissive to the partners in hopes to become one someday themselves. We associate power with hierarchy, so employees infer leaders as powerful and adopt when an executive order is placed. Although, legitimate power is the most recognized, having expert power is just as powerful.Expert PowerIn any organization, most of the sequence employees are easily replaced. If one provides the same service or acting task in a like manner as their counterpart, then substitution them is not that difficult. However, having a niche that is not easily replaced provides expert power. Expert pow er is the ability to provide an expertise and the respect and admiration of others. In a law firm, the knowledge of being able to defend or represent the firm in a way that is beyond the ability of others creates an expert power that will buy you life in the firm. Since law firms are all about winning their cases, the more one brings to the table, the better the opportunity of becoming partner. denotive powerReferent power in any organization allows an individual to be considered for hire or a current employee to receive warranted or untenable compensation for their contribution to the entity. Referent power in a Law Partnership can assist in an employee becoming Partner of the firm. Rewards incurred from this power are influenced by interactions and the ability to relate to others. This power has been stated to hold more weight due to its intimacy. It has been directly correlated with positive performance, satisfied employees and the organization knowingly aware of an employees c ommitment and contribution to the organization. The use of the five power bases in a Law Partnership is commonplace.However, in order for the firm to be successful, the board of directors and partners must possess strong leadership skills, and abide by an even stronger code of ethics when exerting their powers. Leaders of the partnership use their reward andlegitimate authority to motivate others, encouraging growth, and further development of skills. Expertise is used to contribute to the growth of the firm, and not used as a ransom for individualised gain. In addition, a strong sense of values in leaders of the firm will bring about an atmosphere of respect and trust, thus swiftness levels of the partnership use reference and personal influence within ethical confines. The use of all power bases for individual gain will not bring about sustainable growth and should be avoided. Furthermore, use of coercion power will create fear and distrust, and if the other powers are also bein g misused, partnerships culture can be affected stress, lack of motivation, loss of staff, and corruption, and even betrayal.ReferencesSchermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G., & Osborn, R. N. (2005). Organizational Behavior (9th ed.). Retrieved from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetid=bb2bb7b2-43f9-41d6-af58-cf49682ce588&assetmetaid=20a7c5ea-8d61-49ba-b292-5374bc15903f.Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. 14th ed. (2011). University of capital of Arizona website. Retrieved May 1, 2014 from https//newclassroom3.phoenix.edu

Do violent video games cause behavior problems? Essay

Violence in motion picture games lead to violent bams and bad behaviour in real life, some lot believe so. Are these violent video games moulding and fuelling like a shots generation of young minds to a more violent side, for get the idea that these games be simply for entertainment purposes. Many studies have taken transmit surrounding this idea, giving valid points to both sides of the topic. Video games are extremely popular all over the world, connecting plenty through the internet al low-downing them to interact with one another through a cyber-portal for entertainment, with varying genres of games from card games, first person shooters, racing or even 3D strategy games. These games connect millions of people all close to the world, gamers spending countless hours glued to screens looking at a bunch of pixels. These games are evolving every year, as technology gets better so do the games, with more realistic graphics, sound effects and scenarios. So with this, the v iolent games are also congruous far more realistic, violent and competitive. Are these prolonged hours spent contend these games damaging these peoples minds? Many of the violent war games being released today have age restrictions on them, R16 or R18 warning people of the violent content the game has, however this does not stop underage people getting their hands on them.In the article Video games and youth violence A prospective Analysis in Adolescents written by Christopher J Ferguson, it quotes The voltage influence of violent video games on youth violence remains an issue of concern for psychologists , stating that this topic is widely concerning to many people. Many studies have taken place to look into whether or not these games are causing bad behaviour, but in this article Christopher J Ferguson states that none of these studies have developed rise up validated measures of youth violence caused by the games. This article also points out that having depressive symptoms can lead to violent outbreaks due to antisocial traits with the individual, and gaming is an antisocial activity, hence these games attract to those whoalready have these depressive symptoms and the potential to act out violently. And the violent game has nothing to do with making the person violent, as these potential issues are there prior to the individual even playing the game. There have been many studies based around violence in video games, whether it is elevated livestock pressure, aggressive behaviour or violent outbreaks.A matter led by Brock University PhD student Paul Adachi has proved that yes these violent games are causing aggressive behaviour, but this is based on how competitive the game is and not due to the violence. Therefore a non-violent game that is equally competitive will lead the substance abuser to show similar aggressive behaviour. In many cases, like the 1999 Columbine High school massacre where Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 12 students, one t eacher, and injuring 21 other students in the lead turning the guns on themselves. It was well known that the two teenagers who committed this extreme violent act were excessive players of the violent video game called Doom 3D, in which the player embarks on defending mars from aliens with large automatic weapons. A lot of people claim that this game caused the two to violently outbreak into the massacre, however there is no proof, and once again, the game has not caused anyone else, out of its millions of players over the years to commit the same heinous crime, Eric and Dylan were capable of these crimes before playing the game, it is however a possibility that the game helped their psychopathic views to be glorified. Where normal people do not have these psychopathic traits in the first place and play games like this for entertainment only.Children failing in school can become violent or show aggressive behaviour due to the low academic marks and failing to achieve, and many stud ies state that video games cause children to fail school, thus leading to violent aggressive behaviour. This is falsely accusing video games based upon facts that can be associated with various other activities. Spending six hours a day watching TV, shopping, or sleeping will just as equally affect your school grades, it is down to the individual how they use their time effectively. In the article Violent video games do not cause onset written by Lester Haines, it states that the university of Illinois carried out studies regarding the possible link between violent video games and real world aggression, concluding their findings from their first long term study to show that the violent games did not cause any substantial increase in said aggression.Violent videogames bring millions of people around the world entertainment, and social interaction through the internet connecting them with other gamers, who have similar interests. Allowing interaction through talking and playing the g ame, there are many people who believe that these violent video games are causing many people to act out violently, recreating what they see or play in these games. Blaming these games for peoples actions is obscured. If someone is capable of committing extreme violent acts, or acting in an aggressive manor, they were capable of it well before they took part in playing a computer game. It is down to the individual who plays these games to act responsible, know right from wrong, and play the games for entertainment only. Violence is not just in video games, it is all over and all around us.Works CitedPoole, S. (2000, Apr 26). Parents 2 Healthy living Video games will make your kids violent and more likely to fail at school, accord to new research. nothing could be further from the truth, says games junkie steven poole. The Guardian, pp. 16-2.16. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/245514814?accountid=8440Ferguson, C. J. (2011). Video g ames and youth violence A prospective analysis in adolescents. Journal of jejuneness and Adolescence, 40(4), 377-377-391. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/858659823?accountid=8440Keenan, T. (2008, Apr 04). Do some video games encourage violence? one former soldier thinks that this type of entertainment is teaching kids to kill. Nanaimo Daily News, pp. C.6. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/361607229?accountid=8440Study finds aspiration in video games, not violence, causes aggression. (2011, Sep 03). Daily Gleaner, pp. C.4. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/887134689?accountid=8440Grace Shin. (2008). Video Games. A Cause of Violence and Aggression.Retrieved from http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1723Lester Haines, (2005, Aug 15), Violent video games do not cause aggression, retrieved fromhttp//www.theregister.co.uk/2005/08/15/vi deo_games_and_aggression/

Ford Motor Company: Organizational Agility Essay

Ford move troupe has recently experienced a problem with fancy to a fraudulent e-mail which notifies consumers that the company has chosen them as the winner of a Ford Edge Jeep and that they tail assembly claim their prize after they have deposited a certain amount in a bank account. The company immediately issued a statement within a few days saying that the notifications are not from the company and that the e-mails are scams designed to acquire personal information from unwary individuals, especially from the consumers of Ford Motors. moreover, the company released a macrocosm statement claiming that the company is not in any way connected with the e-mails circulating over the internet inasmuch as the company has not granted any authority or permission to use the name of the company, its trademark and its intellectual properties in order to engage in such a scam. The company state that the e-mails may be a form of phishing activity, and advised the consumers to simply dele te the message and avoid replying.In terms of demonstrating environmental responsiveness, the Ford Motor Company has formulated a way in order to reduce greenhouse gases used in painting vehicles by as much as 15 percent. The new paint applied science is not only environmentally sound but also efficient in terms of cost such that particoloured automobiles are more durable and look more beautiful than before. The technology used is a combination of advanced chemical formulation of high-solids with a three-wet covering process which uses paint shop that is more earth-friendly as compared to traditional vehicle paints.Apart from the reduction in CO2 emissions from the painting of vehicles, the new paint technology also boasts the benefit of a decrease in VOCs or volatile organic compounds by as much as 10 percent. The company states that it can save money in the production of the vehicles and lessen the completion of painting an automobile by a fifth of the total time previously est imated. More importantly, there is also a great reduction in the amount of conventional paint used in the painting process.Even if the Ford Motor Company has already used the new painting technology, the company is still gathering data for wider application. The monitoring of the automobiles over the next year will supply the company more data which will enable them to gather long-term rollout plans for the pioneering paint technology that they have developed. In fact, the company has already won worldwide acclaim in France for the new paint technology. The concepts of Total Quality Management apply to the Ford Motor Company in terms of how it handles the current environmental requirements in the industry.Instead of abandoning or taking a step back from the automobile industry, the company opted to stay ahead of the rest by developing tools which will meet the environmental demands of the time. The office to manage the company efficiently and effectively in such a pressing circum stance is equally significant to the ability to enact the company visions and progress on them through time. The company acts by not resorting to isolated departments in handling the issue at hand.Rather, the company makes the enough use of its structured departments in order to arrive at a better approach in providing the suitable method to address the environmental issues typically attributed to automobile companies. That is, Ford Motor Companys efforts to develop the new paint technology incorporated the input coming from the production department to the creative activity department. Post-production departments also share a role in assessing the actual impacts of the new paint technology which allows for the acquisition and accumulation of new data which can be used as basis for great improvements in the future.

External Factor Are Affecting the Ecosystems Essay

The word ecosystem refers to the combined corporal and biological components of an environment these organisms form complex sets of descents and decease as a unit as they interact with their physical environment. Ecosystems argon constantly changing naturally, and theyve got a specific and stable climax, equilibrium. Living as well as non-living factors may behave an contact in an ecosystem such as the impact of humans in ecosystems by hunting, fishing, agriculture etc. r climate change may incite an ecosystem and dare it to adapt to the conditions. Will humans activity alter the equilibrium of the hawkshaw wolves ecosystem? Equilibrium refers to balance, so will humans activities affect the balance of the physical and biological components of the tundra? Human activities, which affect the arctic wildcat wells ecosystem, the tundra, are contamination, chemical defilement and overdevelopment. every last(predicate) of them are harmful to the ecosystem. Pollution affects in directly the tundra, habitat of the Arctic brute.Pollution leads to Global Warming and this affect the global temperature, as a result ice melts and the tundra is affected because its an ecosystem nearly do up on ice, so eventually the ecosystem would be endangered and as well as the species that are contained in the ecosystem. Lately, thousands of green organizations have been generated to bring up the green habits and to try to get down pollution globewide, reducing withal the vulnerability of the tundra biome. Their projects consist in reducing wastes of any kind of energy source and saving any resource we get.This will involve affectionate aspects also in the way that our society must take part and have an impact into world pollution, which will finally affect the tundra ecosystem it has lately become popular to be ecofriendly. This ecologic movement has also affected the fashion industry which lately looks for looks with more pure materials, not much synthetic ones, al so theyve preferred clothing with pure cotton, even not only the materials of clothing are involved unless the message in the clothings have taken a very special impact in the society. hunt, affects directly and indirectly to the ecosystem of the Arctic wolf, it affects the interaction of living organisms by hunting the animals. The overhunting of species such as the musk ox and caribou in Alaska and North America were even near of extinction. This would create unsustainability on the ecosystem because in that location would not be equilibrium in the food chain and all the animals that have any relationship with the specie would me affected by dont having a predator or a prey.Hunting in the tundra has had a very negative effect because important species suck as the musk ox have nearly got to extinction. By 1950, herds in North America were reduced by ninety percent, so this made the American population realize what was really going on in their country. They were loosing biodiversi ty and so laws were created to protect animals. This had an economical impact, because musk oxs (prey of the arctic wolf) leather was part of the market so it has also a tender impact, not only from for hunters but for the fashion industry which had a relation with musk oxs skin and leather.Chemical contamination also affects the Arctic Wolfs ecosystem. Lately, Petroleum and Coal or inwrought Gas, Iron, Lead or Zinc mines and mineral exploration and exploitation and extraction are increasing universal especially in the Arctic. The development affects the Caribou, which are one of the main species present in the Arctic wolf habitat. Overdevelopment indicates to the building of roads and buildings in the tundra, this lead to more circulation. Fragile tundra areas of plants are taken out for the universe of these roads.Without plants to give nutrients to the soil, earth will stop being rich and will abolish the community of flora in the tundra. After discussing all the direct and indirect human impact in the environment, hunting, chemical contamination and overdevelopment are certainly harmful for the ecosystem. These activities attempt to the balance of the ecosystem by attempting against the living organisms that live in the tundra, ecosystem of the arctic wolf and by attempting against the non-living factors in the ecosystem such as climate.Even tough there are solutions for these activities to reduce or to stop, they are not completely efficient. In my opinion after all my investigation, apart from the pollution affecting indirectly to the tundra, the other activities are not a major concern for the arctic wolfs ecosystem. As seen, human activities impact in the arctic wolfs ecosystem is not absolute (although they dont damage much the tundra) toward the ecosystem. My final conclusion will be that external factors are definitely against the equilibrium of the arctic wolfs ecosystem.

Gestalt Learning Theory Essay

Doing my search on bring about and instruction in complex theoretical account-establish study environments, I experienced a banging difference in how scholars reacted to my acquisition material (Kluge, in press, 2004). Complex technical good examples involve the placement of the learner into a realistic computer simulated situation or technical scenario which puts prevail back into the learners hands. The contextual content of simulations allows the learner to learn by doing. Although my primary purpose was in up(a) research methods and turn uping procedures for evaluating learning results of simulation-based learning, the different reaction of our participants were so obvious that we took a closer look. I had two different groups participating in my learning experiments students from an engineering department at the University, mostly in their tertiary semester, and apprentices from vocational training programs in mechanism and electronics of several companies near the University atomic number 18a in their 3rd year of vocational training.Most of the students die harded very intensively and concentrated on solving these complex simulation jobs whereas apprentices became easily frustrated and bored. Although my counterbalance research purpose was not in investigating the differences between these groups, colleagues and practitioners showed their rice beer and encouraged me to look especially at that difference. Practitioners especially hoped to find explanations why apprentices sometimes are less(prenominal) enthusiastic about simulation learning although it is said to be motivating for their perception.Therefore, in this dissertation I address the difference in the effectiveness of utilize simulation intervention program based on a Gestalt learning theory. Moreover, to find out if the program improves either or both the quality and speed up of the learning process of students enrolled in a highly technical training program. This dissertatio n focuses on victimisation simulation based learning environments in vocational training program. In this chapter, the experimental methodology and instruments are set forth, results presented and finally discussed.As mentioned above, my primary purpose when I started to investigate learning and simulation based on Gestalt learning theory was focused on improving the research methodology and test material ( bump into Kluge, in press, 2004) for experimenting with simulation-based learning environments. But observing the subjects reactions to the learning and testing material the question arose whether there might be a difference in the quality of and speed of the learning process of students involved in my study. seek Design A 3-factor 2 ? 2 ? 2 factorial control-group-design was performed (factor 1 Simulation complexity ColorSim 5 vs ColorSim 7 factor 2 support method GES vs. DI-GES factor 3 target group, see dodge 2). Two hundred and fifteen mostly male students (16% female) in eight groups (separated into four-spot experimental and four control groups) participated in the main study. The control group served as a treatment check for the learning phase and to demonstrate whether subjects acquired any association inwardly the learning-phase.While the experimental groups filled in the familiarity test at the end of the experiment (after the learning and the beam tasks), the control groups filled in the knowledge test directly after the learning phase. I did not want to give the knowledge test to the experimental group after the learning phase because of its sensitivity to testing-effects.I assumed that learners who did not acquire the relevant knowledge in the learning phase could acquire useful knowledge by victorious the knowledge test, which could convey led to a better transfer performance which is not due to the learning method but caused by learning from taking the knowledge test. The procedure subjects had to follow included a learning phase in which they explored the structure of the simulation aiming at knowledge attainment. After the learning phase, subjects first had to fill in the four-item questionnaire on self-efficacy before they performed 18 transfer tasks.The transfer tasks were separated into two blocks (consisting of baseball club control tasks each) by a 30-minute break. In four experimental groups (EG), 117 students and apprentices performed the learning phase (28 female participants), the 18 control tasks and the knowledge test. As said before, the knowledge test was applied at the end because of its sensitivity to additional learning effects caused by filling in the knowledge test. In four control groups (CG), 98 students and apprentices performed the knowledge test directly after the learning phase, without working on the transfer task (four female participants).The EGs took about 2-2. 5 hours and the CG about 1. 5 hours to finish the experiment. Both groups (EGs and CGs) were asked to take notes during the learning phase. Subjects were arbitrarily assigned to the EGs and CGs, nonetheless ensuring that the same number of students and apprentices were in each group. The Simulation-Based Learning Environment The computer-based simulation ColorSim, which we had actual for our experimental research previously, was used in two different variants.The simulation is based on the work by Funke (1993) and simulates a small chemical ingraft to produce colors for later subsequent bear on and treatment such as dyeing fabrics. The task is to produce a attached amount of colors in a preoutlined number of steps (nine steps). To avoid the uncontrolled influence of prior knowledge, the structure of the plant simulation cannot be derived from prior knowledge of a certain domain, but has to be learned by all subjects. ColorSim contains three endogenous proteans (termed green, black, and yellow) and three exogenous variables (termed x, y, and z ).Figure 1 illustrates the ColorSim screen. Subject s control the simulation step by step (in contrast to a real time running continuous control). The preoutlined close states of each color have to be reached by step nine. Subjects enter values for x, y, and z within the range of 0-100. There is no time limit for the transfer tasks. During the transfer tasks, the subjects have to reach defined clay states for green (e. g. , 500), black (e. g. , 990), and yellow (e. g. , 125) and/or try to keep the variable values as close as possible to the values defined as goal states.Subjects are instructed to reach the defined system states at the end of a multi-step process of nine steps. The task for the subjects was first to explore or learn about the simulated system (to find out the causal links between the system variables), and then to control the endogenous variables by means of the exogenous variables with respect to a set of given goal states. With respect to the empirical certify of Funke (2001) and Strau? (1995), the theoretical co ncept for the variation in complexity is based on Woods (1986) theoretical arguments that complexity depends on an increasing number ofrelations between a stable number of (in this case six) variables (three input, three output for details of the construction rational and empirical evidence see Kluge, 2004, and Kluge, in press, see Table 1). To meet reliability requirements, subjects had to complete several trials in the transfer task. For each of the 18 control tasks a predefined correct solution exists, to which the subjects solutions could be compared. In addition, knowledge acquisition and knowledge application phases were separated.The procedure for the development of a valid and reliable knowledge test is described in the next section. Different methods have been developed to provide learners with support to effectively learn from using simulations. De Jong and van Joolingen (1998) categorize these into five groups 1. Direct access to domain knowledge, which means that learner s should know something about the arena or subject beforehand, if discovery learning is to be fruitful. 2. Support for hypothesis generation, which means learners are offeredelements of hypotheses that they have to assemble themselves. 3. Support for the design of experiments, e. g. , by providing hints like It is wise to vary only one variable at a time 4. Support for making predictions, e. g. , by giving learners a graphic machine in which they can draw a curve that gives predictions at three levels of precision as numerical data, as a drawn graph, and as an area in which the graph would be located. 5. Support for regulative learning processes e. g. , by introducing model progression, which means that the model is introduced gradually,and by providing planning support, which means freeing learners from the exigency of making decisions and thus helping them to manage the learning process. In addition, regulative processes can be support by leading the learner through different stages, like Before doing the experiment . . . , Now do the experiment, After doing the experiment. . . . Altogether, empirical findings and theoretical assumptions have so far led to the conclusion that experiential learning needs additional support to enhance knowledge acquisition and transfer.Target Population and Participant excerption In the introductory part, I mentioned that there were two sub groups in the sample which I see as different target groups for using simulation-based learning environments. Subjects were for the most part recruited from the technical departments of a skilful University (Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electronics, Information Technology as well as apprentices from the vocational training programs in mechanics

National Territory of the Philippines Essay

The organic justice of the Philippines ( Philippine Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas ) is the supreme jurisprudence of the Philippines. The validation present tensely in consequence was enacted in 1987. during the disposal of prexy Corazon Aquino. and is popularly known as the 1987 ecesis . 1 Philippine inbuilt jurisprudence experts recognize three former(a) old aboriginal rectitudes as transmiting efficaciously governed the state the 1935 democracy Constitution. the 1973 Constitution. and the 1986 Freedom Constitution. 2 3 Fundamental laws for the Philippines were as well as drafted and adopted during the ephemeral regimes of chairs Emilio Aguinaldo ( 1898 ) and Jose P. laurel ( 1943 ) . Background of the 1987 ConstitutionIn 1986. spare-time activity the citizenry Power variety which ousted Ferdinand Marcos as president. and following on her ain startup. Corazon Aquino issued resolve no 3. declaring a national insurance policy to fulfill the reforms mandate d by the people. protecting their basic dears. following a probationary fundamental law. and supplying for an orderly interlingual interpretation to a regimen under a bare-ass fundamental law. 4 President Aquino subsequently issued Proclamation No. 9. making a Constitutional relegating ( popularly abbreviated Con Com in the Philippines ) to phone a young fundamental law to re tramp the 1973 Constitution which took consequence during the Marcos soldierly jurisprudence government. Aquino nominate 50 subdivisions to the deputation. The members of the Commission were drawn from varied backgrounds. including several former congresswomans. a former Supreme motor inn Chief Justice ( Roberto Concepcion ) . a Catholic bishop ( Teodoro Bacani ) and movie manager ( Lino Brocka ) .Aquino besides intentionally appointed 5 members. including former Labor take care Blas Ople. who had been allied with Marcos until the latters ejector. After the Commission had convened. it elective a s its president Cecilia Munoz-Palma. who had emerged as a prima figure in the anti-Marcos resistance following her retirement as the firstly female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. The Commission finished the aviator of mass impact charter within four months afterwards it was convened. Several issues were hotly debated during the Sessionss. including on the signifier of authorities to follow. the abolishment of the decease punishment. the continued haping of the Clark and Subic American military bases. and the integrating of economic policies into the Constitution. Brocka would walk out of the Commission before its completion. and two other delegates would dissent from the concluding bill of exchange.The ConCom completed their under winning on October 12. 1986 and presented the bill of exchange fundamental law to President Aquino on October 15. 1986. After a period of countrywide training run. a plebiscite for its confirmation was held on February 2. 1987. More than three-fourth of all ballots cast. 76. 37 % ( or 17. 059. 495 electors ) favored confirmation as against 22. 65 % ( or 5. 058. 714 electors ) who voted against confirmation. On February 11. 1987. the new fundamental law was proclaim sanctioned and took consequence. On that equivalent twenty-four hours. Aquino. the other authorities functionaries. and the Armed Forces of the Philippines pledged commitment to the Constitution.Significant characteristics of the 1987 Fundamental lawThe Constitution establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican State . where sovereignty resides in the people and all authorities authorization emanates from them . ( Section 1. Article II ) Consistent with the philosophy of separation of effects. the powers of the national authorities be exercised in chief by three subdivisions the executive director subdivision headed by the President. the legislative subdivision calm of Congress and the judicial subdivision with the Supreme Court busyi ng the highest musical score of the bench. The President and the members of Congress are square elect by the people. while the members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list formed by the Judicial and Bar Council. As with the American constitution of authorities. it is Congress which enacts the Torahs. base to the veto power of the President which may however be overturned by a two-thirds ballot of Congress ( Section 27 ( 1 ) . Article VI ) . The President has the constitutional responsibility to see the faithful executing of the Torahs ( Section 17. Article VII ) . while the tribunals are expressly minded(p) the power of judicial reappraisal ( Section 1. Article VIII ) . including the power to invalidate or construe Torahs.The President is besides recognized as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces ( Section 18. Article VII ) . The Constitution besides establishes circumscribed political liberty to the topical anaesthetic authorities units tha t act as the municipal authoritiess for states. metropoliss. municipalities. and barangays. ( Section 1. Article X ) Local authoritiess are by and large considered as falling under the executive subdivision. yet local statute law requires enactment by duly elected local legislative organic structures. The Constitution ( Section 3. Article X ) mandated that the Congress would ordain a Local Government Code. The Congress punctually enacted Republic mask No. 7160. The Local Government Code of 1991. which became effectual on 1 January 1992. 5 The Supreme Court has noted that the Bill of Rights occupies a place of primacy in the cardinal law . 6 The Bill of Rights. contained in Article III. enumerates the specific protections against State power. M all of these warrants are similar to those provided in the American fundamental law and other democratic fundamental laws. including the due procedure and affect protection clause. the right against indefensible hunts and ictuss. the r ight to liberate address and the free exercising of faith. the right against self-incrimination. and the right to habeas principal.The range and restrictions to these rights progress to most(prenominal)ly been determined by Philippine Supreme Court determinations. Outside of the Bill of Rights. the Constitution besides contains several other commissariats reciting assorted province policies including. i. e. . the avowal of labour as a primary societal economic force ( Section 14. Article II ) the equal protection of the life of the female advert and the life of the unborn from conception ( Section 12. Article II ) the Filipino household as the seat of the nation ( Article XV. Section 1 ) the acknowledgment of Filipino as the national linguistic dialogue of the Philippines ( Section 6. Article XVI ) . and even a demand that all educational establishments shall set nearly unremitting athleticss activities throughout the state in cooperation with athletic nines and other sect ors. ( Section 19. 1. Article XIV )Whether these commissariats may. by themselves. be the beginning of enforceable rights without attach toing statute law has been the topic of considerable argument in the judicial domain and within the Supreme Court. The Court. for illustration. has ruled that a proviso necessitating that the State guarantee equal entree to chances to public service could non be enforced without attach toing statute law. and therefore could non exclude the dis bring home the baconance of asseverate nuisance candidates in presidential elections. 7 But in another instance. the Court held that a proviso necessitating that the State protect and progress the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology did non take implementing statute law to go the beginning of operative rights. 8 Historical fundamental lawsFundamental law of Biak-na-Bato ( 1897 )The Katipunan revolution led to the Tejeros Convention where. at San Francisco de Malabon. Cavite. on Mar ch 22. 1897. the first presidential and frailty presidential elections in Philippine history were heldalthough merely the Katipuneros ( members of the Katipunan ) were able to take portion. and non the general public. A ulterior meeting of the radical authorities effected at that place. held on November 1. 1897 at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The democracy had a fundamental law drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution. 9 It is known as the Constitucion Provisional de la Republica de Filipinas . and was originally written in and promulgated in the Spanish and Tagalog linguistic communications. 10 Malolos Constitution ( 1899 )The Malolos Constitution was the first republican fundamental law in Asia. 11 It declared that sovereignty resides entirely in the people. stated basic civil rights. separated the perform and province. and called for the creative activity of an Assembly of Representatives to move as the legislative organic structure. It besides called for a presidential signifier of authorities with the president elected for a term of four old ages by a bulk of the Assembly. 12 It was titled Constitucion politica . and was written in Spanish following the declaration of independency from Spain. 13 entitle on January 20. 1899. and was enacted and ratified by the Malolos Congress. a Congress held in Malolos. Bulacan. 14 15 Acts of the united States CongressThe Philippines was a united States Territory from December 10. 1898 to March 24. 1934. 16 As such. the Philippines was under the legal power of the federal authorities of the United States during this period. Two Acts of the Apostless of the United States Congress passed during this period can be considered Filipino fundamental laws in that those Acts of the Apostless defined the cardinal political rules. and established the construction. processs. powers and responsibi lities. of the Filipino authorities. 1. The Philippine extreme Act of 1902. sometimes known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 . was the first organic jurisprudence for the Philippine Islands enacted by the United States Congress. It provided for the creative activity of a popularly elected Philippine Assembly. and specified that legislative power would be vested in a bicameral legislative assembly composed of the Filipino Commission ( upper house ) and the Philippine Assembly ( lower house ) . Its cardinal commissariats included a appreciate of rights for the Filipinos and the assignment of two nonvoting Filipino occupant commissioners to stand for the Philippines in the United States Congress.2. The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916. sometimes known as Jones Law . modified the construction of the Filipino authorities by taking the Filipino Commission as the legislative upper house. replacing it with a Senate elected by Filipino electors. This act besides explicitly stated that it was and had ever been the intent of the people of the United States to retreat their sovereignty over the Filipino Islands and to acknowledge Filipino independency every bit shortly as a stable authorities can be established in this. Though non a fundamental law itself. the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 provided authorization and defined mechanisms for the constitution of a formal fundamental law via a constitutional multitude.Commonwealth and Third Republic ( 1935 )The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934. sanctioned and adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines ( 1935-1946 ) and subsequently used by the Third Republic of the Philippines ( 1946-1972 ) . It was written with an oculus to run intoing the blessing of the United States Government every bit good. so as to guarantee that the U. S. would populate up to its promise to allow the Philippines independency and non hold a premiss to keep onto its possession on the evidences that it was excessively politically childish and the refore unready for full. existent independency. The original 1935 Constitution provided for unicameral national Assembly and the President was elected to a six-year term without re-election. It was amend in 1940 to hold a bicameral Congress composed of a Senate and domiciliate of Representatives. every bit good the creative activity of an independent electoral committee.The Constitution now granted the President a four-year term with a upper limit of two back-to-back footings in office. A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935 Constitution. The convention was stained with apparent graft and corruptness. Possibly the most controversial issue was taking the presidential term bound so that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a 3rd term. which many felt was the true ground for which the convention was called. In any instance. the 1935 Constitution was hang up in 1972 with Marcos announcement of soldierly jurisprudence. the rampant corruptness of the co nstitutional procedure supplying him with one of his study premises for making so.Second Republic ( 1943 )The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a commission appointed by the Philippine executive director Commission. the organic structure established by the Japanese to administrate the Philippines in emplacement of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government-in-exile. In mid-1942 Nipponese Premier Hideki Tojo had promised the Filipinos the award of independence which meant that the committee would be supplanted by a formal democracy. The Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence tasked with outlining a new fundamental law was composed in big portion. of members of the prewar content Assembly and of persons with experience as delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their bill of exchange for the democracy to be established under the Nipponese Occupation. nevertheless. would be limited in continuance. supply for indirect . alternatively of direct. legislative elections. and an even stronger executive subdivision. Upon blessing of the bill of exchange by the Committee. the new charter was ratified in 1943 by an assembly of appointed. provincial representatives of the Kalibapi. the organisation established by the Japanese to replace all old political parties.Upon confirmation by the Kalibapi assembly. the Second Republic was officially proclaimed ( 1943-1945 ) . Jose P. Laurel was appointed as President by the National Assembly and inaugurated into office in October 1943. Laurel was extremely regarded by the Japanese for holding openly criticised the US for the manner they ran the Philippines. and because he had a grade from Tokyo International University. The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled countries of the Philippines. but was neer recognized as legitimate or binding by the authoritiess of the United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerilla organisati ons loyal to them. In late 1944. President Laurel declared a province of war existed with the United States and the British pudding stone and proclaimed soldierly jurisprudence. basically governing by edict. His authorities in bend went into expatriate in December. 1944. first to Taiwan and so Japan.After the proclamation of Japans resignation. Laurel officially proclaimed the Second Republic as dissolved. Until the sixtiess. the Second Republic. and its officers. were non viewed as legitimate or as holding any standing. with the exclusion of the Supreme Court whose determinations. limited to reappraisals of condemnable and commercial instances as portion of a policy of discretion by Chief Justice Jose Yulo continued to be portion of the functionary records ( this was do easier by the Commonwealth neer representing a Supreme Court. and the formal vacancy in the main justness place for the Commonwealth with the executing of Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos by the Japanese ) .It was m erely during the Macapagal disposal that a partial. political rehabilitation of the Japanese-era democracy took topographic point. with the acknowledgment of Laurel as a former president and the plus of his cabinet and other functionaries to the roll of past authorities functionaries. However. the 1943 charter was non taught in schools and the Torahs of the 1943-44 National Assembly neer recognized as valid or relevant. The 1943 Constitution provided strong executive powers. The Legislature consisted of a unicameral National Assembly and merely those considered as anti-US could stand for election. although in pattern most legislators were appointed sort of than elected.The New Society and the Fourth Republic ( 1973 )The 1973 Constitution. promulgated after Marcos declaration of soldierly jurisprudence. was supposed to present a parliamentary-style authorities. Legislative power was vested in a National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year footings. The President was id eally supposed to be elected as the symbolic and strictly ceremonial caput of province from the Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an limitless figure of footings. Upon election. the President ceased to be a member of the National Assembly. During his term. the President was non allowed to be a member of a political party or keep any other office.Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime Minister who was besides elected from the Members of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister was the caput of authorities and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. This fundamental law was later amended four times ( arguably five depending on how one considers Proclamation No. 3 of 1986 ) . On October 16-17 1976. a bulk of barangay electors ( Citizen Assemblies ) approved that soldierly jurisprudence should be continued and ratified the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Marcos. 19 The 1976 amendments werean Interim Bat asang Pambansa ( IBP ) replacing for the Interim National Assembly the President would besides go the Prime Minister and he would go on to exert legislative powers until soldierly jurisprudence should hold been lifted. The Sixth Amendment authorized the President to passWhenever in the judgement of the President there exists a smooth exigency or a menace or imminency thereof. or whenever the Interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is unable to move adequately on any affair for any ground that in his judgement requires immediate action. he may. in order to run into the exigency. publish the necessity edicts. orders or letters of instructions. which shall organize portion of the jurisprudence of the land. The 1973 Constitution was further amended in 1980 and 1981. In the 1980 amendment. the retirement age of the members of the Judiciary was extended to 70 old ages. In the 1981 amendments. the false parliamentary system was officially modified into a Frenc h-style semi-presidential system executive power was restored to the President direct election of the President was restored an Executive Committee composed of the Prime Minister and non more than 14 members was created to assist the President in the exercising of his powers and maps and in the public presentation of his responsibilities as he may order and the Prime Minister was a mere caput of the Cabinet.Further. the amendments instituted electoral reforms and provided that a natural born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his citizenship may be a modifyee of private land for usage by him as his abode. The last amendments in 1984 abolished the Executive Committee and restored the place of Vice-President ( which did non be in the original. unamended 1973 Constitution ) . In existent pattern. while the 1973 Constitution was ideally supposed to put up a true parliamentary system. the late President Marcos had made usage of blind and use in order to maintain executive power f or himself. instead than devolving executive powers to the Parliament. as headed by the Prime Minister.The terminal consequence was that the 1973 Constitution due to all amendments and elusive uses was only when the abolishment of the Senate and a series of decorative text edition-changes where the old American-derived nomenclatures such House of Representatives became known as the Batasang Pambansa ( National Assembly ) . Departments became known as Ministries . cabinet secretaries became known as cabinet ministers . and the Presidents suspensor the Executive Secretary became known as the Prime Minister. Ultimately. Marcos alleged Parliamentary System hence functioned as an authoritarian-run Presidential System due to the series of amendments and other alterations put in topographic point after the 1973 Constitution was ratified. 1986 Freedom ConstitutionFollowing the EDSA People Power Revolution that removed President Ferdinand E. Marcos from office. the new President. Cor azon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 as a probationary fundamental law to would fix for the following fundamental law. It adopted certain commissariats from the 1973 fundamental law and granted the President wide powers to reorganize the authorities and take functionaries from office. and mandated that the president would name a committee to outline a new fundamental law.refference/ address a B The 1987 Fundamental law of the Republic of the Philippines . 15 October 1986. hypertext transfer protocol //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/70-1987-constitution. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2008-04-03. Isagani Cruz ( 1993 ) . Constitutional Law. Quezon City. Philippines firebird Lawbook Publishing Co. . Inc. . pp. 19. ISBN 971-16-0184-2. Joaquin Bernas. S. J. ( 1996 ) . The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines A Commentary. Manila. Philippines Rex Book Store. pp. xxxiv-xxxix. ISBN 971-23-2013-8. 1986 Provisional Free dom Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines . 25 March 1986. hypertext transfer protocol //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/69-1986-constitution. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2008-04-03. Local Government Code of 1991 . 1 January 1992. hypertext transfer protocol //www. chanrobles. com/localgov. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. People vs. Tatud ( G. R. No. 144037 ) . Supreme Court of the Philippines. 26 September 2003. hypertext transfer protocol //www. supremecourt. gov. ph/jurisprudence/2003/sep2003/144037. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. Pamatong vs. Comelec ( G. R. No. 161872 ) . SupremeCourt of the Philippines. 13 April 2004. hypertext transfer protocol //www. supremecourt. gov. ph/jurisprudence/2004/apr2004/161872. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. Oposa et Al. v. Fulgencio ( G. R. No. 101083 ) . Supreme Court of the Philippines ( requoted by Lawphil. meshing ) . 30 July 1993. hypertext transfer protocol //www. lawphil. net/judjuri s/juri1993/jul1993/gr_101083_1993. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2007-06-09. Wikisource-logo. svg 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato ( Philippines ) at Wikisource. 1897 Biac-na-Bato Constitution . Corpus Juris. 1 November 1897. hypertext transfer protocol //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/300-1897-biac-na-bato-constitution. hypertext markup language? showall=1. Retrieved 2009-01-25. Tucker. Spencer C. ( 2009 ) . The encyclopaedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars a political. societal. and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 9781851099511. hypertext transfer protocol //books. Google. com/ ? id=8V3vZxOmHssC Guevara. Sulpico. erectile dysfunction ( 2005 ) . The Torahs of the first Philippine Republic ( the Torahs of Malolos ) 1898-1899. . Ann Arbor. Michigan University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) . pp. 104119. hypertext transfer protocol //quod. lib. umich. edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx? c=philamer iel=1 view=toc idno=aab1246. 0001. 001. Retrieved 2008-03-26. ( English interlingual rendition by Sulpicio Guevara ) Guevara 2005. p. 88.

American Dreamer Essay

Bharati Mukherjees essay approximately an the Statesn Dreamer was brought across with a strong positive predict which I agreed with for the most part. subsequently reading over her essay numerous times I finally got a hold of what she was hard to get across to the reader. On unitary hand she explains that she admires the bill of rights and what our nation was founded upon. I think a lot of heap would agree with this considering how far our nation has got with it, scarcely then again you have those who oppose. On the some other hand she expresses how she feels about being called Indian-American.The way she conveys her opinion about it makes me want to agree with her more. Her opus is very persuasive and I have to say I not only agree with her beca make use of opinion, but for the reason that if I were to go to another country, and have to work as hard as she did to establish a sub judiceized citizen. Another thing were on the same page on is having to put a hyphenated mil itary position even after becoming a fully legalized citizen. Mukherhee comparison of her culture to the United States was interesting to me. I have never seen a person express how much they value their cultures strict laws and regulations.This makes me think about how I take avail of all the great things my country has to offer. She described her culture clearly and one of the things that lingered in my head was that the parents chose who you married. This made me grateful of the many freedoms I have in my country also. America has a lot to offer but the main reason people migrate to United States is because of the freedom. I can understand wherefore they decide to come here, but I have always wondered why you dont see Americans migrating to other countries as much.There are many reasons they dont go and I comprehend them, but if there was freedom in those countries I question would it be different. Over the past twenty-five long time twenty million people have migrated to the Un ited States from other countries. That is a vast amount and it makes me speculate if that amount continues to increase will we be overpopulated in the years to come. I think America should first-class honours degree limit the amount of people that desire to become Americans, and start to clean out the immigrants who have decided to not be responsible and become legal citizens.I am not saying this to be racist or defrading, but I am stating this because people who come to America nonlegally take a lot of what our great country has to offer and use it like it was in there possession already. For example I have head of many illegal immigrants that come to America and obtain free medical care and welfare checks that our taxes pay for. All I inquire is that they become legal and not take what our great country has to offer and take advantage of it.That is my personal view of the subject though I found myself having almost the same view point as Mukherjee. This issue about any hyphenate d status as an American is a controversial one, but Bharati Mukherjee has a point and it needs to be heard. After working hard to become a legal citizen you shouldnt have to hyphenate racial status. Although some might object and have a thoroughgoing diverse opinion I would reply with a simple suggestion to read this short essay, because it had a positive effect on me and I hope it will have the same on you.

Bone and Joint Histology

* It is a specialised connective tissue paper.* Osteogenic cells osteoblast (makes ground substance, active when young, and after fracture) osteocyte osteoclast (functions in resorption, breakdown of fig out matrix) (makes cavities) (from blood monocyte) fig up Functions* Framework for support of the skeleton* Protection brain, spinal cord, lungs and fondness* Levers for muscles attached to them via tendons* Reservoir for minerals e.g. calcium, magnesium, phosphates etc.Bone Matrix* Components* Extracellular matrix (ground pith and fibres) consists of inorganic substantive (65%) e.g. calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, fluoride, citrate, sulfate, and hydroxide.* Minerals give uprise hardness and rigidity* Organic component (35%) mostly caseful I collagen (95%)- gives deck up slight flexibility and ground substance e.g. GAGs with proteoglycans, which adopt chondroitin and keratin sulfates which give drum resilience* Development 1. Bone starts as osteoid, which is collagen and GAGs with no minerals2. Bone becomes mineralised (immature, primary, or twist deck up). It is the first work up to appear in development and in repair after fractures3. Bone starts to remould as the adult form (mature, secondary, lamellar)Bone Cells1. Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells from embryonic mesenchyme, which sort out into osteoblasts. Found in inner cellular layer of the periosteum, lining Haversian grooves, in the endosteum (lining medullary cavity)2. Osteoblasts derived from osteoprogenitor cells, form and grow new thrum by deductive reasoning of organic components of bone matrix. Found on the surfaces of existing bone tissue where they deposit new bone matrix (osteoid) which contains no minerals. Later mineralization occurs, tissue is new bone. Osteoblasts extend processes with neighbouring osteoblasts for molecular transport. Sit on the bite of bone.3. Osteocytes at once cells with small cytoplasmic processes. Aid in the maintenance of bone tissue and storage of minerals. each(prenominal) osteoblast becomes surrounded by secreted matrix, once this occurs, the cell is known as an osteocyte (mature bone cell), and the space it occupies is a lacuna. Radiating out in all directions from the lacuna are tunnel-like spaces (canaliculi) which house the cytoplasmic processes of the osteocytes. The canaliculi allow conveyance of title of nutrients, wastes between the osteocytes and blood. They are very active cells. Communicate via cytoplasmic processes in the canaliculi, metabolic communication.4. Osteoclasts large motile, multinucleated cells (150 um diameter) which contain up to 50 nuclei. These cells break up and resorb bone. Osteoclasts occupy shallow depressions (Howships lacunae). The ruffled duck (infolded plasma tissue layer) is that part of the cell that is directly involved in the resorption of bone. It removes bone enzymatically, mineral deficiencies because the osteoclasts become a ctive to release the minerals that have been stored in bone, hence the person becomes fracture prone. The multinuclear nature of the osteoclasts is a good identifying factorPeriosteum and Endosteum* Vascular, fibrous layer surrounds bone except over articular surfaces.* 2 layers* satellite(prenominal) layer is collagen with some elastic fibres. This layer distributes vascular and nerve tack to bone.* Inner layer is cellular (osteogenic layer, osteoprogenitor cells), gives rise to new bone.* Central cavity of bone is lined with endosteum- thin CT composed of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts.* From the outer layer of periosteum, fine bundles of collagenous fibres (Sharpeys) penetrate the underlying bone at intervals to attach the periosteum, especially at the sites of attachment of tendons and ligaments.* The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerve endings, and ligament and tendon attachments.Mature bone Organisation* Dense (compact) at the move on* This type has Haversian s ystems (osteons) which is a complex of 4- 20 concentric, bony circular lamellae surrounding a central (Haversian) canal (20- 100 m diameter)* The canal contains blood vessels, lymphatics, with a few unmyelinated nerve fibres, loose CT and flattened osteogenic cells and osteoblast cells that line the lumen of the canal* Osteocytes are in lacunae (in the concentric lamellae) located deep down or between the lamellae* A second arrangement of lamellae is found between the osteons (interstitial lamellae- formed by the expose of old Haversian systems). These are remnants of older, partially resorbed Haversian systems.* A third arrangement (circumferential lamellae) are rings of bone about the entire bone, beneath the periosteum* Radiating from the lacunae are tiny channels (canaliculi). Processes of the osteocytes enter these canals and communicate with adjacent osteocytes where an veer of gases occurs, nutrients are supplied to the cells and metabolic wastes are eliminated.* The Have rsian canals communicate with the marrow cavity, the periosteum and with each other via the transverse Volkmanns canals, which suck up at right angles to the long axis of the bone. Each osteon has a cement line of calcified ground substance with some collagen fibres.* Spongy (Cancelllous Bone)* This type is not organised into Haversian systems but is a meshwork of thin interdict (lamellae) or trabeculae of bone lining the marrow cavity* The spaces within this latticework are filled with bone marrow. The trabeculae house osteocytes in lacunae that are fed by diffusion from the marrow cavity.Blood and Nerve provide* Bones have periosteal vessels, which penetrate the bone of the ray of long clappers and divide into branches that enter the Haversian systems. These vessels supply the osteocytes embedded in the calcified matrix.* Larger vessels pierce the epiphysis to supply the spongy bone and the midshaft to supply the medullary cavity.* Small myelinated and unmyelinated nerves go into the Haversian canals.* The periosteum contains many pain fibres which makes it sensitive to injury e.g. snuff out to the tibiaBone Development and ripeningHistogenesis (differentiation)* Bone development is mesodermal in origin and if the tissue is membrane like (a sheet of mesenchyme or loose CT), it is intramembranous bone formation* If bone replaces cartilage that is generally resorbed before bone is formed, this is endochondral (intracartilaginous) bone development.Intramembranous Bone formation* The process involves mesenchyme to bone directly (osteoblast laying bone)* Locations flat bones, e.g. the skull, mandible, clavicleEndochondral bone formation* The process in this type of bone formation occurs in 2 steps1. A miniature hyaline cartilage model is formed in the kingdom where the bone is to grow within the embryo2. The cartilage model grows appositionally and interstitially and serves as a structural scaffold for bone development. It is then resorbed and replaced b y bone (all the cartilage is replaced by bone)* Locations long, short bones, pelvis and vertebraeDeveloping bone region at epiphyseal plate* Area between shaft and epiphysis is the epiphyseal plate.* Proliferation occurs at the epiphyseal aspect and replacement by bone takes place at the diaphyseal side of the plate* Growth at both ends of the bone is hormone regulated* there are a series of 5 zones beginning at the centre of the disc and go towards the diaphysis1. Zone of reserve cartilage (resting zone) chondrocytes with the matrix are mitotically active producing hyaline cartilage2. Zone of proliferation chondrocytes proliferate and form stacks of cells that replicate the direction of bone growth. (Cartilage dies- lose blood cells- hence the bone invades the space)3. Zone of maturation and grow (Expanding) chondrocytes mature, hypertrophy and accumulate glycogen in their cytoplasm. No mitosis occurs4. Zone of calcification and cell death Chondrocytes die and the cartilage ma trix becomes calcified impregnated with calcium and phosphorus5. Zone of ossification blood vessels invade spaces left by the dying chondrocytes carrying osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum and differentiate into osteoblasts which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage. As the matrix calcifies, some osteoblasts are entrapped as osteocytes and bone trabeculae are formed. Coalescence of trabeculae creates spongy bone. Resorption of spongy bone by osteoclasts in the centre of the diaphysis enlarges the medullary cavity.Summary of histochemical processes for both models of bone formation* Osteoblasts secrete osteoid with no minerals* Formation of primary bone whereby osteoid is mineralized* Formation of secondary bone as compact or spongy boneGrowth in length of long bone* Due to interstitial growth of epiphyseal cartilage* Growth continues until almost 20 when the epiphyseal plate closes (cartilage is replaced by bone) and growth in length stopsGrowth in width of long bone* As a result of appositional growth from the surface and resorption by osteoclasts of the inner shaft so that the marrow space can be enlargedBone Remodelling* Continual remodelling occurs in response to forces (e.g. teeth growing jawbones). Bone is deposited due to traction and resorbed due to pressure.* In young, bone deposition exceeds bone resorption. In the adult bone deposition is balanced with resorption.Joints* Joints are sort according to the degree of driveway between the bones of the fit* Synarthroses little or no movement. There are 3 types based on the tissue making up the union* Syndesmosis is the union of bones by dense CT e.g tibiofibular and radioulnar sticks* Synchondrosis is a junction by cartilage e.g. IVDs and symphysis pubis* Synostosis is a joint united by bone e.g. skull sutures (Starts off as fontanelles)* Diarthroidal (synovial) e.g. knee, hip, shoulder have great freedom of movement and have a CT capsule around a joint cavity held by ligaments.* The joint has an articular cartilage (hyaline) with no perichondrium. The capsule is lined (except over the articular surfaces) with a cellular, vascular, folded synovial membrane made of loose CT which secretes a viscous lubricating, synovial fluid. The viscosity of the fluid varies with temperature.*Fibrous- collagen- little to no movement- interosseous ligament*Gomphosis- tooth joined by cartilage