The Veldt Essay Example for Free

The Veldt EssayAfter leading the story of The Veldt by Ray Bradbury, I felt shocked. The beginning was both innocent. I thought it would be about how their p arents took care of babies in their own nurseries but after a few paragraphs, I realized that this story was a tragedy. How could chldren even think of killing their own parents? After all, the fact that their parents gave birth to them is the whole reason that they are able to think, act, feel, and talk When I first read about the lions and how they were feeding, I kind of thought that something really tragic was about to betide. I had no clue, however, that it would include murdering, much less children killing their own parents The parents urinate indeed been relying on the machines and technologies too much, and causing their own children to act so too. However, they did buy those machines in order to make sure that their children lived an easy going life, ripe of adventure. On the other hand, the parents did indeed care for their children. It just seemed that the children did not realize that at all The children had been spending too much time in that greenhouse causing them to have a twisted mind.They had replaced the house and the nursery as their family. Even though I do see how the parents care for their children, I do agree that they had not cared for them enough. If the father and mother had cared enough, I do wouldve realized much earlier and found a way to prevent what would later happen to them. Also, the fathers way of resolution was way too harsh and abrupt. It had shocked the children too much and because of the fathers unthinking way of solving the situation, the children couldnt take their frustration. Yet, I felt that the children had no right, absolutely no way to kill their parents.Their parents had given them a life that no other children had. They had things that no others have. They should be thinking of how to pay back in the future, but not how to kill their parents fo r something as moving I do understand that sometimes parents are unreasonable, always blaming children, yet dont give chldren the chance to explain themselves. However, parents always think for their own children. Well, who doesnt? At times, parents could be harsh, strict, and pushy, but unmatchable should also think of the times that their parents did everything for them. A mother or father would do anything for their child.

Physical Education Essay Example for Free

Physical Education EssayBrief Description of Teaching Approach Used by the Teacher Direct instruction- a learn method of didactics because it can cover large amount of materials in a short period of time. Teaching Aids use Strengths Weaknesses Comments on nicety of the Teaching Aids used Chalk come on Handouts Books White board Used as a medium for verbal communication It is frugal and recyclable Aid learning and increase economic aid and motivation and help students to follow the development of idea.Could be react for instruction, recreation or entertainment Easier to hold and does not generate dustIt does not provide a permanent record This is a role of no confidence in students note taking, some of them whitethorn feel cheated because they took notes unnecessarily. Dependent about the ideas that is written in the book The white board background can cause problems to those with vision impairment The chalk board is often neglected and it does not get the proper care it deserves.Using handouts or not is an act worryment not simply of information-giving books are potent to use as an instructional tool around because it works students to think and understand clearly about the lessonis effective to use because it does not generate dust that comes from using and erasing chalks Your abridgment 1. What do you think prompted the instructor to choose the materials/learning resources that she/he used? 2. What difficulties, if any, did the teacher experience?How can this be managed? 3. Over-all, were the learning resources /materials used efficaciously? wherefore ? Why not? Charlene Atig Technology is a tool for a meaningful learning. During our observation in a particular class a teacher used chalk board during her presentation of lessons.I think teacher prompted to choose the materials/learning resources that she used was its because she conceived that those aids was effective and suit to her students assumes of learning. And in other cares, maybe a teacher cant use a power bakshish presentation its because there is no availability or lack of computers those instructional materials that can be used in principle. A teacher should facilitate evaluative process by accenting students attention in the effectiveness, efficiency of instructional materials.Teacher experienced the difficulty especially students designateing restlessness or boredom to the presentation. So, it is often helpful for a teacher to shoe genuine interest to the students. Or if not, she need to change her strategies in teaching, aside from using visual aid, its conk out to use power point presentation because it attracts students look and attention. I cant say that all those learning resources/materials were effective in used to the students. Teacher was still need to plant her plans to match the changing interest and needs of the learners.During the discussion, students show boredom about the presentation of the lesson because visual aid for me descri be as a dry tool to be used to the learners. Maybe, until now, that aid is effective to some just using technology can create a meaningful learning that transmits students effectively. It is much better to use power point to present well the lessons clearly including some examples especially pictures. Ellvine Pia Bonocan During our observation, the instructional materials that were used by the teacher were chalkboard, whiteboard, handouts, and books.The very car park teaching aids used in classroom. I think the teacher used those instructional materials because she thought that it would be more effective to use those things or strategies. Maybe she still not used to a power point presentation. At the time that we observed, the students were reporting about a particular topic effrontery by their teacher. I think the difficulties that the teacher experienced were she cant manage the class and the way her students be bringd while having a reporting because some were texting and some were chatting with their classmates.I guess, for the teacher to manage those unnecessary things done by her students during the reporting would become lessen if only if she go away give her full attention to her students and recounting the students to listen and stop doing something while the reporting is still going on. The learning resources were somehow not effective because for me using that instructional materials nowadays is dry and bore to look at. The students wont focus on the report because theyll feel bored looking the same things used in reporting. There is a need to enhance the ways or strategies that the teacher applied.She must tell her students to used power point in their report so that the class would be full of life and they will focus in the reporting. There will be more interaction between teacher and students. To also developed students date in class activities for that matter. Annie Rose Calumpang At this time and age, teachers have a wide a choices on w hat instructional materials to use. However, when I visited the classroom and observed what instructional materials or teaching aids that is used by the teacher the most common instructional materials used are the chalkboard, handouts, books, and whiteboard.Teacher used these instructional materials because its inexpensiveness and it is economical and reusable. When we observed a class, that time, the students are reporting about the topic that the teacher assigned to them. The difficulty I observed in the teacher she cant handle the attitude of the students. Some of the students are talking and got bored in the report because the reporters does not explain their report they always read without analyzing the assigned topic. To manage this, teacher should tell the students to give a copy about their report to their classmates so that they will listen to the reports.The learning resource/materials are used effectively because students learning become more interactive through applying accepted learning theory. There is an interaction between students and teacher which can enhance the students participation or cooperation Roxanne R. dela Cruz The teacher might think that the materials she used might attract and will stand as a reminder to the students who see it. It could be a resourceful tool to student to master such learning objects. The difficulties of a teacher would be the strategy theyll coif if they are going to present pictures or illustrations to coiffe it more clear and can easily understood.The materials were effective more some groundss but not enough for this new generation because the drill has poor learning materials it might cause students to be NOT more competent and well-prepared in the future. Reflection Charlene Atig As a future MAPEH teacher someday, I will first have my self-evaluation for the improvement of learning. I used aids that create and contain well organized Teaching aid materials. In my case, I should prefer to use slide prese ntation because I think this aid present an applicable future understanding about the needs of the learners and can sincerely enhance instruction.And at the end of the activity, students can gain competence in developing and utilizing materials (slide presentation) which involve students in meaningful learning. At this point student show interest to the lesson being presented. Ellvine Pia Bonocan Being a teacher is not that easy in fact its enjoyable dealing or teaching different type of students. If I put myself in the place of the teacher where we had our observation, the thing that I would do similarly is to give students reports so that they can practice facing people or the class and to help them develop their communication skills and to build self-confidence through reporting.The thing that I will do differently is to change the teaching strategy that was used by the teacher. If I will become a teacher soon, I want to make the students or class lively in a way that the studen ts wont get bored in the class because that is the only or reason why students dont want to listen to the reports or discussions. So, to minimize this, you as a teacher, you must find ways to entertain students interests, you should have a sense of humor so that theyll not get bored sitting and listening to the report or discussion.You must be patient role enough to findways or strategies that will be suit to students interest to make your discussion more interactive and at the same time effective. So, to awaken them, you must tell your students to make their reports using a power point presentation because nowadays this is commonly used quite of using visual aids. They should learn how to use a power point presentation in reporting not to give their financial problem but to help them discover the use of technology nowadays because in this generation its really needed and useful.Annie Rose CalumpangIf I were on the part of the teacher, the teaching skills that I would similar to he r teaching strategies are the way I incorporate the instructional materials into a lessons like giving handouts to the students about the topic and the way I applied my teaching strategies to encouraged students to be active and alert during the learning process like asking question to the students about the topic, then each of the students should have an answered to that questioned, so that, there is an interaction between the teacher and the students to make learning process became more interesting.Then the different strategy that I would do to make students motivate well in the learning process before I discussed the lessons to the students, a number of questioned about the topic can served from the students to arouse their interest and focus their attention to the topic. As a whole, learning is meaningful when it is connected to the students everyday life.A good teaching enhanced students to interact in different classroom activities to make teaching learning possible. Roxanne d ela Cruz As a student in the field of arts Im going to make things clear and try my best to do more original illustration. Ill motivate my students to learn more than just the content on the objects they see. Student-centered will be my primary objective.

Consumer Oriented Market Positioning Marketing Essay

Consumer Oriented Market Positioning Marketing Essay dictionary meaning of Positioning is an minute of putting something in some ones perspicacity and in trade we put our product in thoughts mind. A very impartial term and if you are good enough it is simple to exe tenderloine but the art is hard to develop. It is the forge by which marketers grab a position or built a position in target audience for its product, chump or organization.In this consumer oriented market Positioning is a tool to cut down the noise and establish a real contact with the customer who results in customers opting for your product rather than your competition. As todays customer is overwhelmed with un wanted promotion and advertising it becomes very tough for a product or brand to get noticed and afterward organism noticed an urge to get opted as a first preference in target customers.Its each about mindshare you hold in prospects intellect, soften you position yourself biger you achieve what is ca lled as coveted mind share.A product or brand should always try to have an aggregate perception which is higher than that of its competitor and those who dont have that kind of per centumage should not fall away hope as they can very well influence the perception and position their brand through enlightened strategic alliance.Its an ongoing process and doesnt stops at one place because you may get forgotten by your audience so repositioning is needed or if on that point is all shift in your business for example Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley shifted from investment to commercial banks hence their expectations from investors, clients, employees and regulators all need to shift as per the paradigm and hence the organization require to reposition itself.Primary elements of Positioning areQuality. Quality is a pre -requisite, it has to be provided by any means and later should be backed by incentives. fend for your quality claim with return policy warrantees and customer-friendl y guarantees.Service. Added value in customer service and after sales supports and if the product is customized and personalized.Pricing. Whether is it luxury, averagely priced or cheap in its field or very cheap.Distribution. The channel or distribution and supply chain is part of positioning.Packaging. Packaging helps in delivering the message you intend for prospect.Positioning can be distinguished byFunctional-Solve problems and provide benefits to customers.Symbolic-self image enhancement, ego identification, affective fulfilment and social meaningfulnessExperiential-Sensory stimulation and cognitive stimulationWhat makes this market full of surprises and unquestioned answers that there is no certain way to be a leader in the market .Not stock-still high level of marketing acumen of the caller-up assures advantage and even while trying positioning, companies end up somewhere else in prospects mind and not the place where they intended.CURRENT MARKET SCENARIO OF SMART PHONES IN INDIAMumbai base Gartners research analyst say that smart echos are on the rise and with introduction of new phones in new software, better applications, features and reliable hardware has make it challenging for already established brands in different parts of the market. With the record annual growth of 30% for next five year it is very merry not only for smart phone vendors but also for operators, and OS developers.India being the 3rd largest market of smart phones after China and Brazil is seeing an intense struggle between various handset providers like Nokia, Samsung, LG, Black Berry, etc. with their tie-ups with different service providers and operators as well as focusing on the software platforms like iPhone OS, berry OS, Windows Mobile, Android, Symbian and Palms. In 2009 India witnessed sales of 69 one thousand million smart phone handsets, doubling from the 32 million mark reached in 2008.As cold as global market is concerned ,Mr. Carolina Milanesi, research vice president at Gartner, mentioned that this year saw bank, a pure smart phone maker making its debut in top 5 mobile devices manufacturers, as well as there was increase its market share of orchard apple tree by 1.2 percent points. Android-based phones saw a peak rise of 700 per cent year-on-year which is proving to be a threat to other smart phone makersMobile devices market is seeing a double-digit growth of smart phone sales in mature markets, and helped by wider product availability as well as battalion market price tags that are in budget of average income group. And detailly in India white -box products has shown growth as per expectation of the manufacturers with healthy traits in future.http//dqindia.ciol.com/images010/smartphones02_15aug2k10.jpgIf all the Smartphone manufacturers are combined together they share total of 75% of the Smartphone market alone in India and rest 25 % is shared by smaller or followers in the market and the presence is hence insignificant com paratively. So in this year if we refer to the record in India more than 18 percent of the phones sold are Smartphone.Supposed+mobile+data+market.gifTrend in sales of Smart phones in India is firstly sales start with the early adopters in the first base as shown at the right, and then as prices drop everyone switches to Smartphones replacing there old phones as they have limited features.In India target segmentation is through with(p) on various factors but researchers are also considering or rather already have segmented their target consumers into 3 types i.e. Entertainment users, Communications users and development users.Now it has been observed that in these segments people pay more or extra for great solutions if their needs are matched in a particular segment. some(prenominal) failures in mobile market are due to either focussing at a single specific problem or feature or by disrupting the whole package by adding all of it.Now the numbers of Smartphone are to be doubled b y FY11 and this boom is there for upcoming geezerhood .Emergence of Smartphones was more in the form of service device rather than just another application based model which was the earlier trend shown by the OEMs. RIM blackberry services saw some mass adoption whereas OVI apps tried to create the same magic but performed average. Despite the variety Symbian has still the monopoly with 72%share in Indian market followed by windows, android and blackberry OS but in upcoming future trend Symbian may lose its market share to its competitors.POSITIONING OF BLACKBERRY SMARTPHONES IN INDIAN MARKETIn this dog-eat-dog world, positioning a brand is the biggest priority for a product or brand. Creating awareness and then fetching that special place for your brand in the consumers mind will be the key in determining the fate of the brand and if brand is becoming a l success or fading away to obscurity and especially in India, Blackberry has done some prolonged research as it is one of the fa stest growing telecom markets and within high competition has managed to take up a prestigious position subsidence just after Nokia in market share.Blackberry is following a simple rule of combining product and service benefits at a plum price that creates value in the minds of customers which is the key variable for the success in hand-held device market. And in the current climate of new entrants in this particular sector and ever increasing competition with very less differentiation among service-product offerings, these manufacturing companies are facing problem in clear communication what makes their offerings special better than those provided by the competitors.Value PropositionFeatures that makes blackberry bush stand apart from rest of the players and clearly stating that quality is inevitable supported by Innovative design and iconic styling that blends optimum display and weight length ratio without compromising ease of use that users expect from their BlackBerryUnriv alled Connectivity with BB messenger applicationGSM/EDGE/ CDMAwarranties and after sales serviceBuilt in GPS EngineRich Internet and Multimedia ExperienceFull Page Internet BrowsingIncluding support for be adrift audio and video.Instant Messaging support for multiple communities including Yahoo, Messenger, GoogleTalkSocial networking communities including FaceBook, Flickr, PicasaOn 25 Sep 2008, number of BlackBerry subscribers reached to approximately 19 million all over the world and the figures in India over these years are so high that they cannot be overlooked because company was able t localise customers requirement of accessing internet specifically emails and social networks on the move .In start BlackBerry placed itself in minds of corporate executives who are always on the run and with addition of social networking cites and various online applications, brand provided interfaces which also attracted youngsters out of the corporate outlook.Biggest eye-catching proposition flaunted by BlackBerry Smartphones was the idea of remaining affiliated at all times.So the first grand step was to position itself as an business executive handheld device which in turn helped in carving out niche for the brand without giving a head on collision with any of its top competitors which was the smartest move of allHence BlackBerry became the Corporate Executive phone which was comparatively less famous in youngsters initially.Now the second way was to enter into non-corporate world of handheld devices where even the uncorporate wanted to be in connection or online with their friends and family all the time .And they came up with an excellent promotion stating asWe are the BlackBerry boyswhich not only include suited up corporate but also baby boomers ,women of every age and cross cultural personnels who all enjoy using blackberry as they are in continuous synch with their work as well as connected to family and friends at the same time.Absolutely brilliant advertising with the pinch of great music and excellent humour banging right on the message brand wants to spread to the target consumers. Now the song We are the blackberry boys has been trending into minds of youngsters and BlackBerry lovers. It has left same effect on mass as Vodafone Zoo Zoos had done it during IPL.Blackberry first with the Pearl and Bold and now with the Storm and blowlamp is attempting a change in positioning and moving more towards the Lifestyle segment space. This can prove counterproductive for the company because it directly placing itself to its other big competitors and directly victorious a head on collision in competition with Nokia, LG, Samsung and Apple I phone. In fact the handheld Smartphone models are being actively compared to models of other competitor for example Samsung galaxy, Apple iPhone and Nokia E series. But the real fight is between Apple and BlackBerry for capturing the lifestyle segment and taking the position of that perception in prospect cu stomers.Now inspired by the advantage of continuous connectivity even if the operators are non functional has allowed along with the drove legion(predicate) other manufacturing brands to enter with different applications in order to attract market audience and the argument is on offering of similar features (connectivity) along with a host of other value adding features by the other.. Now these were all physical features of Blackberry and the physical presence always lead to the cognitive, physical cues which in turn act as hints for the mind to form interpretations or in other words positions itself as a highly technical ,functional and great to use device.So far I personally believe Blackberry could strategy of positioning is slick and feature laden but in order to expand market the company tried to play with the emotional proposition sayingDo what you love and love what you doNow this tagline covers all the market sector a handheld manufacturing company wants to because everyon e loves to do something and even if they BlackBerry its always a non-boring, happy and lovable moments during work hours. It emphasizes on the idea no matter how hard you do something as long as you love to do it and you have a Blackberry with you ,you will do it right.In one of the advertisements an Asian khat is on his bicycle roaming around seems like a courier guy and uses BlackBerry Torch but he is not a normal courier guy ,he is the current president of SanFrancisco Bike messenger association who is very busy in his work and BlackBerry helps him to be in contact with his family and friends ,manage his work, Blackberry GPS helps him on unknown roads and ways and in the end he loves what he does. Now this leaves a very big message in mind of prospect even if you are a leader an entrepreneur in your small world, business or community you need a blackberry support because even BlackBerry loves what you do.

Case study: Relational Aggression

Case study Relational AggressionAdolescents today face many challenges with regard to both academics and coadjutor groups. Unfortunately, one reflexion of peer relations is pugnacity, and many times we often only think of tangible assault. However, relative encroachment can also char telephone numbererize the peer interactions of adolescents, and therefore it has gained much attention in inquiry. Relational trespass can be defined as a purposeful act that an individual carries out purposely in stage to inflict harm upon otherwise individual through a societal relationship (Bowie, 2007). The present literature review will p beginning some of the research that has demonstrate how comparative incursion contributes uniquely and contradictly to tender-psychological version problems in youth (Crick, Ostrov, Werner, 2006 Prinstein, Boergers, Vernberg, 2001 Reynolds Repetti, 2010 travel Swenson, 2009). The nurseive factors identified by research that appear to mi tigate the negative effects of relative aggression will also be discussed. Being popular (Rose Swenson, 2009), having a close friend (Prinstein et al., 2001), and having a positive academic self-concept (Taylor, Davis-Kean, Malanchuk, 2007) stand all been bring to act as protective factors in the face of relational aggression. Lastly, relational aggression in the place setting of domesticate will be examined. Given that relational aggression makes unique contributions to social-psychological adjustment problems in the absence of such protective factors, it would be valuable to seek whether or non relational aggression also has unique negative effects on academic engagement and achievement. This could have weighty implications for prevention and encumbrance efforts, as well as educational policy and classroom forethought strategies.Since the conception of research on relational aggression, researchers have found that engaging in relational aggression can have negative effe cts on various social-psychological adjustment outcomes for adolescents. A study by Crick et al. (2006) tar yielded a render of 224 children, who were part of a larger longitudinal study, as they progressed from third to fourth grade in hallow to examine how relationally aggressive behavior affected childrens social-psychological adjustment over time. The authors hypothesized that relationally and physically aggressive children would exhibit increased levels of both internalizing and externalizing difficulties. They also expected that relational aggression would create distinct psychopathological symptoms from those that ar associated with physical aggression. Participants completed a self-report measure about physical and relational aggression, as well as prosocial behavior. Participants teachers filled out a survey to assess childrens social-psychological adjustment. Results indicated that relational aggression is indeed a profound indicator of childrens risk for future social -psychological adjustment problems, and that the outcomes of relational aggression be unique compared to those of physical aggression. The authors call for additional, interchangeable studies to improve prevention and intervention programs that address both physical and relational aggression in boys and girls.Similarly, a study by Prinstein et al. (2001) examined the association among relational and patent forms of aggression and adolescents internalizing and externalizing symptoms and behavior in a sample of 566 adolescents in a New England high civilise. The authors hypothesized that relational aggression would be distinctively associated with depressive symptoms, loneliness, self-esteem, and externalizing behavior. Another significant hypothesis was that having a close friendship would buffer adolescents from the negative social-psychological adjustment outcomes that are associated with relational aggression victimization. Several self-report questionnaires were administered to the participants that respectively measured overt and relational aggression and victimization, depressive symptoms, loneliness, self-esteem, externalizing symptoms, and close friend social die hard. Results demo that adolescents make a distinction between overt and relational forms of aggression and victimization. Relational aggression was found to have its own unique effects on victims, including higher levels of depressive symptoms, higher levels of loneliness, and lower global self-worth. The hypothesis was supported that having a close friend did act as a buffer against negative psychological adjustment problems associated with relational aggression.A study by Reynolds and Repetti (2010) cumulateed descriptive information from 114 girls in a Los Angeles public high school about the forms, frequency, perceived motives and functions, and types of emotions felt when relationally aggressing or when being victimized. An online survey was utilized that elicited scale ratings and descriptive responses from the participants about their puzzles as both perpetrators and victims of relational aggression. The conduces showed that every participant reported being involved as both a perpetrator and a victim in each form of relational aggression at least once in the past year. The most frequent form reported was talking behind another girls back, while the next most frequent behaviors were spreading rumors about a girl and intentionally ignoring her. The most frequently reported function was trying to get back at someone. Additionally, the participants reported that ignoring, as compared to rumors and exclusion, was tie in to the strongest negative feelings come acrossd at the time of the incident, like sadness. Ignoring emerged as a unique form of relational aggression in this study, which merits further investigation. Implications of this and similar studies demonstrate that intervention and prevention efforts should focus on the most frequently reported beha viors by adolescents.Due to the prove suggesting that relational aggression has unique, negative effects on social-psychological adjustment in children and adolescents, it is important to look at what protective factors competency exist for children and adolescents that buffer these negative effects. In addition to the finding that a close friend can buffer the negative effects of relational aggression (Prinstein et al., 2001), other protective factors have been identified through research. For example, a study by Rose and Swenson (2009) looked specifically at perceived popular adolescents who relationally aggress and whether or not their participation in relational aggression leads to emotional adjustment problems. The authors studied a sample of 439 students in seventh and ninth grade in the United States. It was hypothesized that perceived popularity would check the association between relational aggression and internalizing symptoms. Peer nomination surveys were employ to as sess peer status and aggression, and the Childrens Depression Inventory was use to assess internalizing symptoms. Results demonstrated that perceived popular adolescents who relationally aggress do not experience emotional adjustment problems, but youth who were perceived as less popular did experience elevated internalizing symptoms. This finding suggests that popularity acts as a buffer against the negative effects of relationally aggressive behavior. For this reason, the authors discuss future directions in research that could examine which other variables protect popular, relationally aggressive peers from experiencing internalizing symptoms.Similarly, Cillessen and Mayeux (2007) also investigated peer status and aggression, however they did so around the transitions from elementary to middle school, and from middle school to high school. They looked at how these constructs are related to adolescents academic and social expectations in their new school system. The total sample s ize was 2,434 with students from fifth, sixth, eighth, and ninth grade. The authors hypothesized first that pre-transition expectations and post-transition perceptions of academic and social functioning would be somewhat correlated. Secondly, they hypothesized that both social preference and perceived popularity would be positively correlated with social expectations, and thirdly, that both overt and relational aggression would be positively associated with social expectations. Participants completed a sociometric assessment that measured social preference, perceived popularity, overt aggression, and relational aggression. Participants also completed a set of self-report questionnaires that measured pre-transition expectations and post-transition perceptions of academic and social functioning. Results demonstrated that their first hypothesis was correct. They also found that popular adolescents had more positive expectations of transitions, and also rated themselves as doing better socially after the transition. Relational aggression was negatively correlated with the academic functioning of sixth grade girls. No other main effects were found for relational aggression. Consequently, the authors called for more research on relational aggression in the social and academic lives of students, especially for girls.Relational aggression can have impacts on the development of friendships as well, as demonstrated by Sijtsema et al. (2010) in their longitudinal study. They examined how aggression in distinguishable forms and functions (instrumental, reactive, overt, relational) impacts friendship development in a sample of 337 participants, ages 12 to 14 years. The authors hypothesized that instrumental, relational, and overt forms of aggression would be associated with making friends who are equally aggressive. They also hypothesized that reactive aggression would predict a high number of unidirectional friendship nominations in which the assailant nominates others , but is never nominated by others. Additionally, the authors hypothesized that social influence effects will appear uniquely in relational aggression contexts. Various questionnaires were administered to the participants to gather information about friendship networks, previous acquaintances, and occurrences of instrumental, reactive, overt, and relational aggression. Results demonstrated that all four conceptualizations of aggression had unique and meaningful effects on friendship natural selection and social influence during early adolescence. Of particular interest was that relationally aggressive adolescents selected similarly aggressive friends, and that relational aggression was subject to social influence. Therefore, it was found that relational aggression uniquely affects early adolescent friendships, regardless of the function of the relationally aggressive behavior.Given that relational aggression can occur in school contexts because that is where peer groups are situate d, it is important to examine various aspects of the schooling experience in order to better understand why relational aggression occurs. Accordingly, Totura, et al. (2009) conducted a study that used an ecological framework to examine how middle school students (N = 2,506) perceptions of their family and school contexts moderated their involvement in and the effects of blusterous and victimization. The authors hypothesized that students with internalizing and/or externalizing problems would be less plausibly to be categorized as bullies and/or victims if they had a stable family context, and if their school had high levels of support and monitoring. They hypothesized that students would be more likely to be identified as bullies and/or victims if their school and family contexts were characterized by low levels of support, monitoring, and school belongingness. The investigators used student and teacher surveys to measure bullying and victimization, internalizing and externalizing problems, family functioning, school bonding, adult monitoring at school, aggressiveness of the school climate, and academic performance. Results of this study demonstrated that there are many relations among emotionality, bullying, and students perceptions, as well as some significant gender differences. One result particularly important result is that bullies and bully/victims exhibited lower academic achievement and were less bonded with school. This points to a potential area of research that explores whether or not change magnitude childrens academic engagement, achievement and bonding with school can actually decrease relational aggression. Another important implication of this study is that it demonstrates how important students perceptions of their environment are and the impact that their perceptions can have on their experiences with bullying and victimization.Furthermore, Taylor et al. (2007) explored how self-esteem and self-concept may influence aggression in a school setting. The authors used a divers(prenominal) sample of 842 children, which was part of a larger longitudinal study, in middle schools in an East coast state. The authors hypothesized first that students with negative academic self-concepts would be more likely to aggress in school than children with more positive academic self-concepts. Their second hypothesis was that students whose high academic self-concept is threatened would be more likely to aggress at school. The study utilized interviews and self-report questionnaires from both the participants and the participants immemorial care givers to measure the constructs of aggression, self-esteem, academic self-concept, and academic performance. Results supported the authors first hypothesis in that low academic self-concept was correlated with increased aggression in school. However, their second hypothesis was not supported. These findings are significant because they demonstrate that if we can increase childrens academic se lf-concepts, maybe aggression would decrease.All of the studies mentioned above have made significant contributions to the study of relational aggression, specifically with regard to the social-psychological effects of relational aggression, protective factors, how relational aggression impacts friendship development, and how school contexts can impact relational aggression. These studies all have some analogous strengths and limitations that can point us to future directions in research. longitudinal methods were used in the study by Crick et al. (2006), as well as the study by Sijtsema et al. (2010), demonstrating definite strengths for these two studies. However, Crick and his colleagues did mention that a limitation of their study was that the interval was only one year, and so future studies would benefit from having longer time intervals to see how relational aggression affects children through different developmental periods. Sijtsema et al. (2010) acknowledged that a limita tion of their study was that peer relations were examined with respect to school grade, so aggression that occurs outside of school might not have been captured in the study.Both studies by Prinstein et al. (2001), and Totura et al. (2009) addressed the fact that their cross-sectional designs were an inherent limitation. Specifically, Totura et al. (2009) stated that the cross-sectional nature of their study prohibits researchers from determining which came first, internalizing and externalizing difficulties or bullying/victimization. In this way, future longitudinal studies would be exceptionally beneficial to the field so that we can further examine what factors lead to engaging in relational aggression. Similar to the study by Totura et al. (2009), the study conducted by Rose and Swenson (2009) discussed a limitation of their study that the results cannot speak to causation, only to correlation. Their study did have two important strengths in their sample size and their use of va lidated measures of depression and anxiety. The study by Totura et al. (2009) also had a very large sample size at N = 2,506.The study by Prinstein et al. (2001) used a very ethnically diverse sample. Future studies would benefit from also making every effort to welcome a diverse sample in order to best understand relational aggression in adolescents. Additionally, future studies would benefit from including school transitions and perceptions, like Cillessen and Mayeux (2007) did in their study. A limitation of their study was their exclusive use of self-report measures, which will be discussed later in this literature review. The authors did acknowledge, though, that future research would benefit from including more physical object measures of social and academic outcomes. Lastly, a strength of the (2010) study by Reynolds and Repetti was that the investigators collected novel, descriptive data through an online survey that informed them of the unique experiences of relational ag gression among high school girls. A limitation of this study was its relatively small sample size (N = 114), and the fact that the study only addressed girls.All of these studies (Crick et al., 2006 Prinstein et al., 2001 Reynolds Repetti, 2010 Sijtsema et al., 2010 Taylor et al., 2007 Totura et al., 2009 Cillessen Mayeux, 2007 Rose Swenson, 2009) actually used self-report questionnaires as at least part of their methodology. Self-report methodologies are certainly valuable, however future research would benefit from the use of different methodologies as well, as suggested by Cillessen and Mayeux (2007), in order to ensure that we understand relational aggression from multiple perspectives. Crick et al. (2006) also used teacher reports in order to assess the childrens social-psychological adjustment. Equivalently, Totura et al. (2009) used teacher surveys in addition to student surveys to measure bullying and victimization, and internalizing and externalizing symptomology, in add ition to other various constructs. Rose and Swenson (2009) used peer nomination surveys in order to assess peer status and aggression, and this was in addition to the self-report measure used to assess internalizing symptoms. Taylor et al. (2007), in addition to having the adolescents complete self-report questionnaires and having their primary caregivers complete surveys, also interviewed the adolescents themselves. The use of interviews could provide valuable in-depth information about the experiences that children and adolescents have with relational aggression. Another methodology that has not yet been utilized in past research is focus groups. This could involve having six to eight adolescents talk about their experiences with relational aggression. Methodologies like focus groups and interviews would be extremely valuable when used in addition to self-report, peer-report, teacher-report and/or parent-report surveys. In this way, researchers would be able to gather information from a variety of sources in order to understand relational aggression. some studies have addressed how relational aggression might impact the academic achievement and engagement of adolescents. Exceptions to this include the study by Totura et al. (2009) that investigated how middle school students perceptions of their family and school contexts moderate their involvement in and the effects of bullying and victimization. Importantly, the authors defined bullying as engaging in the following behaviors kicking/pushing/hitting, name calling, teasing, socially isolating others, and spreading false rumors (Totura et al., 2009, p. 579). In this way, the authors do capture important aspects of relational aggression. The results of this study have important implications for future studies that look at how relational aggression impacts academic achievement and engagement. Moreover, Taylor et al. (2007) investigated how self-esteem and academic self-concept influence aggression in a school s etting. However, a limitation of this study is that the researchers operationalized aggression as acts of aggression that resulted in formal school discipline, although they acknowledged the various forms of aggression and the fact that not all aggression results in formal discipline. It must be addressed, though, that acts of relational aggression might not have been captured to the full extent in this study. Nevertheless, the methodology used and the results found in this study provide support for promising directions in the research of a possible link between relational aggression and academic achievement.Overall, the studies mentioned above utilize similar methodologies in order to address various aspects of relational aggression. The studies above investigated how relational aggression affects social-psychological adjustment adolescents, what protective factors exist to buffer adolescents from the negative effects of relational aggression, how engaging in relational aggression affects friendship development, and lastly how a few school-related constructs affect ones experience with relational aggression. The purpose of this literature review was to provide an analysis of what research has been done with regard to relational aggression. Because it has been shown that relational aggression has unique, negative effects on the social-psychological adjustment of adolescents, it is imperative that we examine what other negative effects might be a result of engaging in relational aggression, either as a perpetrator or as a victim. Specifically, research on how relational aggression impacts academic engagement in the classroom, and consequently academic achievement, would be very valuable. School bonding and school spirit are other constructs that could be explored. If a negative association is found between relational aggression and academic engagement, this could have implications for educational policy and school behavioral management systems. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to explore whether or not increasing the academic self-concept of an adolescent would cause a subsequent decrease in their engagement in relational aggression. Future studies would benefit form utilizing multiple methodologies, including interviews or focus groups in order to gain a deeper understanding about what it is like to experience relational aggression. The area of how relational aggression might impact academic engagement has yet to really be explored, and so studies in this area would be indispensable in informing research and also practices in the field.

Construction of the Space Colony: Challenges

Construction of the Space Colony ChallengesConstructionThe major problem regarding such a big and aspiring make is trying to reflect the imagined side of it into reality. Until now, this problem has been a rather unsolvable one, but with the modern day possibility of colonizing close to Earth celestial entities, identical the synodic month, and to rapidly create parts with 3D printers, it is affirmable to overcome it.The manife grade of the space colony has been a rather debated dilemma, being a very apprised issue, which regards considerable amounts of funding and involvement. There have been issued 3 face patterns, which we give analyze and show the disadvantages of dickens of them, and the perks of the one I have chosen1. quotidian construction before the rapid development of space shuttles and the advanced repairing of satellites in space (a rather common action in modern times), the only solution, which seemed possible for the construction of such a project was str ucture it as a whole on Earth. Even if it were more facile and faster regarding the actual construction process, shipping it on the orbit would be an impossible action. That amount of mass requires the usage of fuel of almost 4800 launchings, which forget only increase the weight of the station and reduce the force to mass ratio of the engines used. Also, in order to generate that amount of force, to defy the gravitational pull, it would be required an incredible amount of energy, which is the like of a handful of atomic detonations. The consequences for the environment would be horrific, if we succeed in lifting the station of the Earth, a very doubtful presumption.2. Outer-space construction the safest bet for the construction plan of the station was, until now, an extra planetary configurationing argona. after(prenominal) realizing the fact that it would be impossible for any human engine to lift the station from Earth, it became clearly that, in order to have a functional c onstruction plan, the station must be built on an orbit of our planet. With the present development of orbiting satellite repairs, the building of such an immense project seems actually achievable. The problem regarding this solution is represented by the fact that, besides the great difficulty of building such a complex architectural creation in a harsh, unfriendly environment, the actual process of the construction would take a spacious amount of time to be accomplished. Also, the weak point of outer-space construction is the fact that it depends on terrestrial resources and on shipments from Earth. Because of the fact that a normal shuttle brook normally carry, besides the crew, a weight of a satellite, there would be required over 6000 flights in order to bring all the materials and tools in outer-space. A normal ship can be used for about 10 space missions, so it would also require over 600 space shuttles. By adding the whole process of building and shipping, including the s cathe of the materials that are required to complete the station, which allow substantially diminish the Earth resources and will become more expensive by every transport, it has been estimated that the total woo of the station would be of 6023 trillion dollars, a sum which does not exist in the whole modern day economic system.3. Moon construction by and by identifying the problems that outer-space construction has, mostly the fact that it does not present reliability, the Carpathia team decided that the best answer for the construction problem would be a celestial entity that has substantial ground, but does not have a gravitational pull as powerful as Earths, and is closer to the orbit in which the future station will be placed. In other words, escape velocity here is much lower than on Earth and, so, breaking free from the gravitational attraction of the daydream requires less energy and a lower speed (due to the fact that the gravitational constant is lower). Also, the lo cation should have materials that can be mined and used in the construction of the station. The most suitable place, which met all the requirements from above, is represented by Earths natural satellite, the Moon.This project requires two major steps, first one being the colonization of the Moon with mining bases, that can gather resources which will be equipped with huge 3D printers in order to create the ships components, and the second one being the construction of the ship and its positioning in L4 Lagrange Point.Even if it may seem a far-fetched idea, colonizing the Moon with the modern day technology like remote control golems and printers that are able to receive information through radio waves at the speed of light is a reachable goal. The process will start with sending huge two-part mining robots with 10 space missions that will be assembled by the crew, having 5 mining machines. Also, they can be programmed to process the materials on spot into liquid metal, which will be used by the printers in order to create the parts. The 3D printers, being enormous machines, will be also sent in two missions, being assembled on the spot. After having the raw materials, established on the Moon, there will also be sent 10 shuttles, each carrying 10 robot workers, very versatile machines that can wield, cut and grab any form, and can also receive complex commands, like group commands in order to build major components, other mining machines or 3D printers to supplement the output of materials. All of the 3 types of machines will be solar powered, and will be controlled from a command-center on Earth. While the 3D printers will receive models of components and the number of copies needed, the mining robots will be fully controlled by a human being to reduce the risk of mistake. Using programming style similar to the one of the nabobs, the robotic workers will be issued a command and will have autonomy in fulfilling it. After the process of building the station has already started, we would be sent 20 more missions with 20 workers each to start and build the final station, which will be colonized with 11500 residents when completed. The station is made from sections (major and minor components) that will be each explained in their own chapter. Carpathia is being made mainly from carbon nanotubes which will be shaped into the form of 8 cylinders, being Central Area, Lower and Upper Industry, Agriculture Area, Habitable Area, Animal Area and final Maintenance Zone. The solar panels as well as the computers and refined cables will be brought from Earth with the Space Elevator, not having necessary materials on the Moon to build them. Also, the engines required to maintain the revolve of the ship will be assembled on Earth and sent on the Moon by a space mission.The second step, after the construction of the ship, will be moving it towards its final position. For this task, we will be using the engines that assure the rotation of the ship, by sh ifting them downwards and achieving Moon liftoff. We will then tailor the engines in order to use them as thrusters and send the space colony into the L4 Lagrange point.In conclusion, it can be safely said that, even if it involves a huge deal of resources and time, the Moon constructing solution is the most feasible one from all the other solution presented above, being more realistic than the terrestrial construction, and less expensive than the outer-space construction.

Problems Facing The Economy in the Greenspan Era :: Economics

The EconomyQ What is wrong with the economy? -A terrible loss of jobs, over 2 million jobs have been lost. However I would like to state it isnt just one persons fault. -The complete and utter desolation of the tech industry we all know about the dot com bust and how many problems that caused.-Also September 11th didnt help too much. The terrorists contumaciously achieved their objectives in really messing up our way of life.While the wealthy are becoming richer and the number of millionaires and billionaires is skyrocketing, there is another reality. Since 1973, 80% of all families have seen their incomes wane or remain stagnant. The average American today is working longer hours for less income-and has every reason to worry that the future will be purge worse for his or her children. Television news shows may not feature it. Readers Digest may not discuss it, and the leaders of the elective and Republican parties may not make it a priority, but the decline in the standard of living of the average worker is, far and away, the most important and central turn out facing this country. The rich are getting richer the poor are getting poorer and the middle class is shrinking. This is the great truth of contemporary U.S. society. It may sound dramatic but I believe that the future of the nation depends upon reversing this destructive process. There are a number of reasons why inequality in wealth and income in America has grown over the last 20 years. President Jimmy Carter in 1977 and President Ronald Reagan in 1981 and 1986 instituted tax reform with the support and approval of the Democratic Congress. The results were to lower taxes significantly on the wealthy and the large corporations, and raise them for almost everyone else. Taxes on the very wealthy were cut 12.3% working- and middle-class Americans saw theirs grow. One of the reforms was a large increase in the regressive Social Security tax. Q What steps have been taken to improve the economy?There have been multiple relate rate cuts by Greenspan and tax cuts brought on by President Bush, which I believe didnt really do much. Q What are the solutions? - Raise the token(prenominal) wage. The minimum wage, which has lost 26% of its purchasing power over the last 20 years, must be increased. People cannot survive on $5.15 an hour.

Walt Disney the American Hero Essays -- essays research papers

Walt Disney the American Hero     Walt Disney When that name is spoken faces of children and adults alike light up with looks of sheer joy. When debating what to see at the movies the newest Disney get across is al about always decided upon over the others. With Disney people are 100 percent sure to walk out of the theater happy and smiling. From the catchy ancestor songs to the thrilling theme parks Disney has built the fantasy empire. Although he built the fantasy world Disney was not a man who walked around with his head in the clouds. He used his animation and film making skills to not only make fantastic movies but to also bring joy into times of fight, shimmer into times of education, and excitement into times of vacation making him, Walt Disney, the epitome of an American hero.      At the new-made age of sixteen Walt Disney was not the typical teenager. He was not obsessed with how he looked, or who did or didnt like him. His cin o ne caserns were of the world and the fate of his country. In 1918, Walt signed up to defend his country in the military, but because of his young age he was turned away(www.tudlp.org Walt Disney Biography). Rejection was no discouragement to Walt, in fact, it was quite the opposite it was an encouragement to join the American Red Cross. With the Red Cross Walt was like a shot shipped over seas to be a chauffeur and ambulance driver(www.tudlp.org Walt Disney Biography). Even in times of war Disney could bring smiles. Disney risked being captured, by covering his ambulance not with usual war time camouflage but with bright lively Disney cartoons(www.tudlp.org Walt Disney Biography). Again, unlike most other teenagers, who were more concerned with getting the job witch paid the most money and entailed the least amount of physical labor, Disney volunteered out of his own free will to risk his life for his country with his only reward being the moments of gratification he had brought t o a country plagued with war.     As part of his down to earth optimistic nature Disney had always put the advancement of education at the crown of his priorities. He was a man who knew that education should be fun and wanted to do everything possible to make it that way. As Disney got older he realized that on with fame comes influence. He used his influence to build a school, a college of the cr... ...rf sized Oscars(Great Events from History. Disney releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs).     Walt Disney created the American fantasy from thoughts pulled out of the far reaches of his imagination. He was a man who had never let go of his inner child. By simply reaching for that inner child he created every childs dream in the form of a simple talking mouse. That mouse became his trademark. Mickey was a trade mark to be used to his advantage though. With his fame and money gained from Mickey he could go on to do heroic things like build s chools, work to aid his country during war, build family friendly theme parks, and make unforgettable movies. Walt Disney once said "The way to get started is to quit talking and start doing(ww2.netnitco.net Walt Disneys Great Quotes)." That is exactly what Disney has done and what all Americans should strive to do. Throughout his life Disney taught the world that "Its attractive of fun to do the impossible(ww2.netnitco.net Walt Disneys Great Quotes)." If all of America strove to do the impossible everyday then every American would soon fit in beside Walt Disney infra the category of an American hero.